Abstract
Determining chemical composition of substances remotely in real time is a current challenge. We address this issue by developing the fiber-optic sensors for mid-IR spectroscopy. In this paper, we take a glance at interaction of fiber modes with a liquid analyte through an accurate theoretical analysis based on wave optics concepts briefly described herein for a multidisciplinary audience. As an example, a multimode core-only chalcogenide fiber immersed into an aqueous acetone solution has been considered as a sensing element. The power decay length of the fiber mode along the fiber due to light absorption in the mid-IR at vibrational transitions of the analyte molecules has been shown to be determined by the penetration depth of the mode into the analyte and varies from nanometers to hundreds of meters for the modes, respectively, from the highest to the lowest order. A decisive parameter has been found that is the ratio of the sensing element length to the power decay length of a fiber mode. The highest sensitivity of the sensor is achieved when the ratio magnitude is approximately between 0.5 and 2. Light delivering in the higher-order modes having small power decay lengths allows for creating highly sensitive compact devices.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bertie, J.: John Bertie's Download Site, Spectra, 2012, Available: https://sites.ualberta.ca/~jbertie/JBDownload.HTM
Demas, J., Rishoj, L., Liu, X., Prabhakar, G., He, T., Ramachandran, S.: Intermodal group velocity engineering for broadband nonlinear optics. Photonics Res. 7, 1–7 (2019)
Ghatak, A.K., Thyagarajan, K.: Evanescent waves and the Goos-Hänchen effect. In: Contemporary Optics, Plenum Press, New York, 1978, 331-352 (1978)
Hale, G.M., Querry, M.R.: Optical constants of water in the 200 nm to 200 µm wavelength region. J. Appl. Opt. 12(3), 555–563 (1973)
Heo, J., Rodrigues, M., Saggese, S.J., Sigel, G.H.: Remote fiber-optic chemical sensing using evanescent-wave interactions in chalcogenide glass fibers. Appl. Opt. 30(27), 3944–3951 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.30.003944
Houizot, P., Anne, M.-L., Boussard-Plédel, C., Loreal, O., Tariel, H., Lucas, J., Bureau, B.: Shaping of looped miniaturized chalcogenide fiber sensing heads for mid-infrared sensing. Sensors 14(10), 17905–17914 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/s141017905
Katz, M., Katzir, A., Schnitzer, I., Bornstein, A.: Quantitative evaluation of chalcogenide glass fiber evanescent wave spectroscopy. Appl. Opt. 33(25), 5888–5894 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.33.005888
Korsakova, S., Romanova, E., Velmuzhov, A., Kotereva, T., Sukhanov, M., Shiryaev, V.: Peculiarities of the mid-infrared evanescent wave spectroscopy based on multimode chalcogenide fibers. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 475, 38–43 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.08.027
Kubat, I., Bang, O.: Multimode supercontinuum generation in chalcogenide glass fibres. Opt. Express 24(3), 2513–2526 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.002513
Kumar, P.S., Vallabhan, C.P.G., Nampoori, V.P.N., Sivasankara Pillai, V.N., Radhakrishnan, P.: A fibre optic evanescent wave sensor used for the detection of trace nitrites in water. J. Opt. A-Pure Appl. Opt. 4(3), 247–250 (2002)
Melnikov, L.A., Romanova, E.A.: Behavior of HE1m-mode wave numbers of optical fiber below the cutoff frequency. Opt. Commun. 116(4–6), 358–364 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(95)00091-L
Messica, A., Greenstein, A., Katzir, A.: Theory of fiber-optic, evanescent-wave spectroscopy and sensors. J. Appl. Opt. 35(13), 2274–2284 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.35.002274
Mignani, A.G., Falciai, R., Ciaccheri, L.: Evanescent wave absorption spectroscopy by means of bi-tapered multimode optical fibers. Appl. Spectrosc. 52(4), 546–551 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943851
Nunes, J.J., Sojka, Ł, Crane, R.W., Furniss, D., Tang, Z.Q., Mabwa, D., Xiao, B., Benson, T.M., Farries, M., Kalfagiannis, N., Barney, E., Phang, S., Seddon, A.B., Sujecki, S.: Room temperature mid-infrared fiber lasing beyond 5 µm in chalcogenide glass small-core step index fiber. Opt Lett 46(15), 3504–3507 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.430891
Reichardt, H.: Ausstrahlungsbedingungen fur die Wellengleihung Abh. Mathem. Seminar Univ. Hamburg 24, 41–53 (1960)
Rheims, J., Köser, J., Wriedt, T.: Refractive-index measurements in the near-IR using an Abbe refractometer. Meas Sci Technol 8, 601–605 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/8/6/003
Romanova, E., Korsakova, S., Komanec, M., Nemecek, T., Velmuzhov, A., Sukhanov, M., Shiryaev, V.: Multimode chalcogenide fibers for evanescent wave sensing in the mid-IR. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 23(2), 1–7 (2017)
Romanova, E.A., Korsakova, S.V., Rozhnev, A.G., Velmuzhov, A.P., Kotereva, T.V., Sukhanov, M.V., Shiryaev, V.S.: Chalcogenide fiber loop probe for the mid-IR spectroscopy of oil products. Opt Express 28, 5267–5272 (2020)
Sanghera, J.S., Kung, F.H., Pureza, P.C., Nguyen, V.Q., Miklos, R.E., Aggarwal, I.D.: Infrared evanescent-absorption spectroscopy with chalcogenide glass fibers. Appl. Opt. 33(27), 6315–6322 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.33.006315
Shiryaev, V.S., Sukhanov, M.V., Velmuzhov, A.P., Karaksina, E.V., Kotereva, T.V., Snopatin, G.E., Denker, B.I., Galagan, B.I., Sverchkov, S.E., Koltashev, V.V., Plotnichenko, V.G.: Core-clad terbium doped chalcogenide glass fiber with laser action at 5.38 μm. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 567, 120939 (2021)
Snyder, A.W., Love, J.D.: Optical waveguide theory. MA, Springer, Boston (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2813-1
Sojka, L., Tang, Z.Q., Jayasuriya, D., Shen, M., Nunes, J., Furniss, D., Farries, M., Benson, T.M., Seddon, A.B., Sujecki, S.: Milliwatt-level spontaneous emission across the 3.5–8 µm spectral region from Pr3+ doped selenide chalcogenide fiber pumped with a laser diode. Appl Sci 10(2), 539 (1–11) (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020539
Velmuzhov, A.P., Shiryaev, V.S., Sukhanov, M.V., Kotereva, T.V., Churbanov, M.F., Zernova, N.S., Plekhovich, A.D.: Fiber sensor on the basis of Ge26As17Se25Te32 glass for FEWS analysis. Opt. Mater. 75, 525–532 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2017.11.012
Xu, Y., Cottenden, A., Jones, N.B.: A theoretical evaluation of fiber-optic evanescent wave absorption in spectroscopy and sensors. Opt. Laser Eng. 44(2), 93–101 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2005.05.003
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) under Grant 21-13-00194.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Romanova, E.A., Korsakova, S.V. Light waves interaction with an analyte in fiber-optic sensors for mid-IR spectroscopy. Opt Quant Electron 53, 650 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03327-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-03327-7