Abstract
Fusarium spp. is one of the most economically important plant pathogens causing a wide range of plant diseases with significant crop losses globally. Fusarium wilt is a major problem all over the world. Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium fujikuroi are economic importance species in worldwide. Fusarium solani causing disease in many agriculturally crops and favored by high temperatures and warm moist soils. The fungus produces three types of asexual spores; microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores serve as propagules in infecting host plants and found endophytes and saprophytes. The color of the colony, length and shape of the macroconidia, the number shape of microconidia and the presence or absence of chlamydospores are key features for the differentiation of Fusarium species. Pathogens, forms over 100 formae speciales cause disease in dicot and monocot plant species and infecting a variety of hosts. Vegetative compatibility Groups (VCG) is used to differentiate their races. Resistant cultivars and bio-control agents (Trichoderma spp., and Psedomonas spp.) have been used to manage the disease.
Keywords
- Fusarium spp.
- formae speciales
- symptoms
- disease cycle
- management
1. Introduction
Soil-borne pathogens caused infection in soil
In the Cucurbitaceae family various
2. Pathogens (Fusarium spp.)
Fusarium species are widely distributed in soil, aerial plant parts, plant debris, and other organic substrates. A genus
2.1 Identification
There are three basic concepts for identification of
2.2 Fusarium oxysporum
2.2.1 Fusarium oxysporum ‘formae speciales (f.sp.)’ and race
Host range of plant species are grouped into a
Sl No. | Host crops | |
---|---|---|
1 | cereals, peas, beans, nuts, bananas, onions, potatoes, citrus fruits, apples, spices | |
2 | fruits and vegetables, spices | |
3 | cereals, peaches, apples, pears, potatoes, peanuts, peas, asparagus, tomatoes in temperate climate | |
4 | cereals, potatoes | |
5 | Cereals, potatoes, apples, sugar beet in temperate climates | |
6 | cereals and fruits contaminated with soil, vegetables, nuts, spices | |
7 | Cereals and grasses in warmer to tropical regions | |
8 | Cereals, soybeans, sugar cane, rice from the temperate region. | |
9 | Corn, rice, figs, fruits | |
10 | cereals, potatoes | |
11 | nuts, bananas, citrus, potatoes, melons, tomatoes, spices | |
12 | cereals, pome fruits | |
13 | corn, pineapple, bananas, spices, sorghum | |
14 | cereals from temperate regions. | |
15 | cereals, potatoes | |
16 | corn, rice, sugarcane, bananas, asparagus, spices, cheese, garlic from warm to tropical regions. | |
17 | sugarcane | |
18 | sugarcane | |
19 | rice | |
20 | mango | |
22 | maize | |
23 | wheat and barley | |
24 | pinus |
Sl No. | ‘ | race | host plants |
---|---|---|---|
1 | — | asparagus | |
2 | 1 to 4 | celery | |
3 | 1, 2, 3 | African marigold | |
4 | 1, 2, subtropical race 4, tropical race 4 | banana | |
5 | — | hemp | |
6 | 0, 1A, 1B/C, 2 to 6 | chikpea | |
7 | 1 to 3 | cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon | |
8 | — | onion | |
9 | 1 to 5 | cabbage, radish | |
10 | 1 to 4 | safflower | |
11 | 3 races | chrysanthemum, gerbera, daisy | |
12 | 1, 2, 4 to 11 | carnations | |
13 | — | Oil palm | |
14 | — | strawberry | |
15 | 1 and 2 | gladiolus | |
16 | — | soybean | |
17 | 1 to 4 | lettuce | |
18 | — | bottle gourd, winter squash | |
19 | 1 to 3 | lupine | |
20 | 1 to 8 | lentil | |
21 | 1, 2 and 3 | tomato | |
22 | melongena | — | egg plant |
23 | 1 to7 | muskmelon | |
24 | 0 to 3 | watermelon, squash | |
25 | 1, 2, 5, 6 | peas | |
26 | 1 to 7 and 27 | common bean | |
27 | radicis-cucumerinum | — | cucumber, muskmelon, sponge gourd, watermelon, squash |
28 | radicis-lycopersici | — | Tomato, eggplant, |
29 | radicis-vanillae | — | vanilla |
30 | — | radish | |
31 | — | ||
32 | — | witchweed | |
33 | — | saffron | |
34 | 1, 2 | Spinach, beet | |
35 | 1 to 4 | cowpea, soybean | |
36 | — | tulipe | |
37 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 | cotton, okra alfalfa, soybean, tobacco | |
38 | — | ginger |
3. Diseases
The genus Fusarium species cause vascular wilts, root, stalk and cob rots, collar rot of seedlings, and rots of tubers, bulbs and corms, some species also produce mycotoxins in contaminating grain, diseases as ear and kernel rot of corn, scab of rice and wheat and stalk rot and grain mold infection of sorghum.
4. Symptoms
The pathogen colonizes in the xylem, growing up the vascular system in the stem, disease development and symptom expression of host plants depend on the colonization of vessels by the pathogen [75]. Hyphae and chlamydospores of diseased plant debris in the soil infect young rootlets and enter the xylem vessels. Colonization in the plant causes a reaction, producing brown phenolic compounds and tyloses. Browning of vascular tissue is a key symptom of pathogens that cause vascular wilt disease. Blocking of the xylem decreases water movement, causing the infected plant to wilt and die. Yellowing, wilting and stunting are general symptoms of many diseases of the root and stems. Early symptoms appear as leaf yellowing, slight wilting during the day and stunting. Wilt starts vein clearing on the younger leaves and drooping of the older lower leaves, followed by stunting, yellowing of the lower leaves, defoliation, marginal necrosis and plant death. This seed and soil-borne plant pathogen showing symptoms like chlorosis, necrosis, immature leaf fall, vascular system browning, and finally wilting.
4.1 Disease cycle
5. Management
Several
6. Conclusion
Fusarium is a large genus of imperfect fungi and numerous species are important plant pathogens.
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