CA1166315A - Electronic kilowatt-hour meter for measuring electrical energy comsumption - Google Patents
Electronic kilowatt-hour meter for measuring electrical energy comsumptionInfo
- Publication number
- CA1166315A CA1166315A CA000343557A CA343557A CA1166315A CA 1166315 A CA1166315 A CA 1166315A CA 000343557 A CA000343557 A CA 000343557A CA 343557 A CA343557 A CA 343557A CA 1166315 A CA1166315 A CA 1166315A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- kilowatt
- hour meter
- signal generator
- phase
- clock signal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
- G01R21/133—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by using digital technique
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE:
In a kilowatt-hour meter for measuring electrical energy consumption from an alternating electrical supply, a microprocessor includes a clock signal generator which is synchronised in phase with the incoming supply frequency. Pulse sampling means controlled by the clock generator sample the incoming voltage and current waveforms at a pre-selected time instant or instants in each cycle and the sampled data is utilised in the microprocessor to determine energy consumption.
In a kilowatt-hour meter for measuring electrical energy consumption from an alternating electrical supply, a microprocessor includes a clock signal generator which is synchronised in phase with the incoming supply frequency. Pulse sampling means controlled by the clock generator sample the incoming voltage and current waveforms at a pre-selected time instant or instants in each cycle and the sampled data is utilised in the microprocessor to determine energy consumption.
Description
3 ~ ~j ELE('TRONIC KILOWATT-HOUR ~TER FOR MEAS~RI~ ELEC~RICAL
ENERG~ CONSU~TION"
B~CKGROUND PF THE INVENTION
This inventIon relates -to ki.lo~att-hour l~eters such as are pro~ided on a consumer's premises to measure electrical energy consumption.
At the present time, kilowatt-hour meters are electromeçhanical devices -~hich effect analogue multiplication of the instantaneous Yalues of ~oltage and current and analogue integra-tion of the produc-t. It is one of the objects of the presen~ inyention to pro~ide an improved form of kilowatt-hour 1neter in which the determination of ener~y cons-umpt~o1l is effected electronically.
SU~RY OF THE INVENTION
According to this in~ention, a kilowatt-hour meter for deter~ining, fro.m ~oltage and current signals, the total energy passing through an alternating electrical supply circuit comprises a clock signal generator for generating iiming signals at a ~requency which i5 a ~ultiple of the alternating supply frequency, the timing s gnals being synchronised in phase ~.vith the alterna~ing supply fxequency, pulse sampling means controlled by said .
~ ~ 6~31 ~
~lock signal ~enerator for sampling the instantaneous magnitudes of the voltage on and t~e current in said supply circuit at a preselected time instant or instants in each cycle and digital data processing ~eans arranged to process the sampled data to determine energy consum,Ption during successive pxedetermined periods o~ t..me and to integrate the successive deter~inations of ener~y consumption.
Such an axrangement ~ay be used with a three phase supply in which case the three phase yoltages and phase cUrrents are separate~,y s~p~ed or it ~ay be used with a single phase supply in which case only a sinsle voltage and current has to be sa~pled. The digital data processing means, which is typically a m,icropr~cessor, effects the required computations from th,e sampled values.
I a sin~le phase supply is considered with the ~iXcuit car;~ying a current ~ at a yoltage y and with a phase la~ (or phase lead) between the current and ~olta~e of 0, ~hen i the wave~4r~s were sinusoidal, the power consumption is yI cos 0. Conveniently, this can be measured by pulse samplin~ durin~ the peak oi one of the wa~e~orms. Preferably the ~easure~ent is made at the peak of`the volta~e waveform, so as to determine the instantaneous peak value of Y and of I cos 0. The r.m,s.
product can be readily determined by processing of this ~nformation~ It may be preferred to average successive determinations of V anu of I cos 0 separately over a number ~ J
_3~
o~ cycles of tne ~lt~xn~ting su~ply frequenc~,~, typlcally a fe~-hwldre~ cvcles, before determinin~ the product and hence the ener~y consumption durin~ this period.
In gelleral however, the waveforms may not be sinusoidal and preferably therefore the sampling is effected a number of times, at predetermined time instants, in each cycle of the alternatin~ supply. The supply may be re~arded as havin~ a major component at the fundamental frequency, e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz, together with lesser co~ponents at har~onic ~requencies. It will be i~ediately apparent that s~mpll'ng at the voltage peak of the fundamental frequency wil~ not measure any power in the second harmonic ('that IS at do~ble the ~undamental frequency~. The power in the second harmonic may be deter~ined by measurements at appropriate sampling points.
In existin~ types f electromechanical Xilowatt-hour me~ers, mechanical inertia giVes a sn,(iothing effect so that the power consUm,ption ind~ation is arranged throughout th~ cycle. This effect can be achieved, in the kilowatt-hour meter o~ the present invention, by multiple samplingduring each cycle, Howe~ex, by the precise choice of samplin~ instants in the cycle it becomes possible by data-processin~ techniques selectively to control the inclusion of the power content of harmonics in the inte~rated output of the kilowatt-hour meter. The data handling capacity of present-day data processors, for examnle . . ' . . ~, ':
. .
.
.
~4~
~icroprocessors, ~akes it readilx ~ossible ~or the data a~aIlable Lrom rnultiple samplin~ in each cycle to be processed for example ~o control the inclusion of the power content of harmonics in the integrated total.
Thus preferably the pulse sar~plin~ is effected repetitiYely at a plurality o~ preselected times in each cycle of the incoming voltage waveform. The kilowa~t-hour meter may have a voltage transformer to provide an analogue ~oltage wavefo~n to said pulsesampling means and a current transformer to provide an analogue current to sald pulse sampling means and the analogue-to-digital conversion may be ef~ected in said digital data processing means to : convert the sampled ~oltage and current magnitudes separately into digital data fox processing.
It is conVen:Lent, with the kilowatt-hour meter of the present inventionr to transmit in~orm~tion from said digital data processing means via a data link to a central data processor at the supply utilitY. Such a data linX
need not be continuously a~ailable since the central processor need only periodically interrogate the customer's digital data processing means. Such a data link, using a time-sharin~ operation, may employ existing telephone lines or may use the power supply network, e.g. by a superimposed ~5 carrier or may be by radio communication or by optic fibres.
The output from the clock signal generatox may be integrated, e.g~ counted in a digital counter to provide ~ ~ ~ 6 ;~
ciock ',ime. If a ~ata link is provided, the afo~e-mentioned clock s-gnal generator ~ay be utilised to provide clock timing for time-controlled operations, e.g.
for example, the custo~r~s data processing means may compute monetary charges; to ensure correct clock time, the integrated output from the clock signal generator may be periodically updated over the data link. It wi'll be understood that such periodic u~d~ting is required to correct the clock in the e~ent of any interruption of the supply. Such a ~lock may be used, ' îor example, ~or ef~ecting changes in the data processing xelated to ~bsolute time; e~. ~ariation of charging rates i.n accordance with time.
In particular, the ~nvention includes within its ~5 scope a kilowatt-hour meter as described above and having a two~way data co~munication link ~or transmission of data to and re~e~tion of data and oth,er signals ~rom a distant central data pxocessor.
BR:~EF DESC~IPTI ON OF TEE DRAI~ING
The accompanying drawin~ is a block diagra~
111ustratin~ one constxuction of kilowatt-hour meter ~orming one embodiment o~ t,he in~ertion.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
.. . . .
,In the drawing there is shown a single phase i.coming alternating supply ha~ing a live iead 10 and a return lead 11 extending through a unit 12, forming part of .~ kilowatt-hour meter. This unit I2 contains a voltage transformer ~ j 13 having an input winding 1~ connected between leads 10 and 11 and an output windi~g 15 giving a low voltage output, :
-" ' : ', - -. ' ' , ': : .
typically at about 12 ~olts, fox ~easurement purposes and as a power supply for a microprocessor to be described later. The ~it 12 also contains a current transormer 16 providing, Erom a winding 17, an analogue output representative of the current drawn from the supply.
The micorprocessor is in a unit 20, which may be physically remote from wlit 12. The voltage and current signals are processed in the microprocessor as short duration pulse samples, as will be further described later, and the.
~croprocessor includes analogue-to-digital conversion means 21 incorporating pulse sampling means to convert the voltage and current signals into di~ital data representati~e of the voltage between leads 10, 11 and the current through lead 10. The processor also contains an oscillator 22, constituting a timing signal generator, which is locked in phase with the! al~ernating supply voltage by phase locking means 23, including a sampling means controlled by the microprocessor to determine an error signal representative of the time diference between the sampling point and the zero crossing point, the error signal providing a feedback contro. for the oscillator. The phase locked oscillator produces timing signals at a ~xeqUency which is a multiple of and synchronised i phase with the incoming mains supply voltage.
These timing signals control the timing of the sampling pulses and also control a clock 24 to provide time information to the processor. The sampling pulses are ;' - .
arranged to occur at a number of preselected time instants in each cycle 5 the magnitudes of ~he current and voltage being sarnpled at each instant. These magnitudes are converted to digital form in the analogue~to-digital counter 21 and this information is processed to give an energy consumption measurement every 375 cycles, tl1at is approximately 72 seconds. ~his energy consumption is summed to give an integrated output which is indicated on an indicator 25.
As an example of one form of sampling, it might be - required, in a kilowatt-hour meter for domestic premises, to reject measurement of all harmonic power content up to the fourth harmonic. In this ease, eight samples per eyele may be employed, these samples being at time instants defined by -the f~llowing phase angles wit~l respeet to the start of a ~ero-crossing point forming the start of the cyele:- 45, 75, 105, 135, 225, 255, 285, ~15. It will be readily apparent that, by using more samples, e~en higher harmonics can be rejected. Alternatively power can be measured to inelude harmonic content by appropriate ehoice of sampling points.
Information from the processor unit 20 is fed via a data link 26, including a modem or isolating interface 27, to a eentral proeessor 28 at the supply utility~ ~ypieally sueh data transmission ~ould be made only upon interrogation from the central proeessor 28 of a memory 29 ...
.: ' ' :
' ' ' ~ , 3 1 ~
-8~-in the processor unit 20 and thus only inte~mittent use of ths data link is required. ~his data link may make use of a ~elaphone system or may use the power transmission cables for data transmission, e.g. using a superimposed carrier frequency or may use a radio link or optical fibres. The data link is a two-way link and information is fed from the central processor, for example, to reset the clock periodically so that it is corrected after any interruption of the power supply.
Clock information is utilised in the microprocessor, for example, to enable energy cons~ption measurements to be made corresponding to different periods of the day during which different tariffs for charging apply.
, ........... .
ENERG~ CONSU~TION"
B~CKGROUND PF THE INVENTION
This inventIon relates -to ki.lo~att-hour l~eters such as are pro~ided on a consumer's premises to measure electrical energy consumption.
At the present time, kilowatt-hour meters are electromeçhanical devices -~hich effect analogue multiplication of the instantaneous Yalues of ~oltage and current and analogue integra-tion of the produc-t. It is one of the objects of the presen~ inyention to pro~ide an improved form of kilowatt-hour 1neter in which the determination of ener~y cons-umpt~o1l is effected electronically.
SU~RY OF THE INVENTION
According to this in~ention, a kilowatt-hour meter for deter~ining, fro.m ~oltage and current signals, the total energy passing through an alternating electrical supply circuit comprises a clock signal generator for generating iiming signals at a ~requency which i5 a ~ultiple of the alternating supply frequency, the timing s gnals being synchronised in phase ~.vith the alterna~ing supply fxequency, pulse sampling means controlled by said .
~ ~ 6~31 ~
~lock signal ~enerator for sampling the instantaneous magnitudes of the voltage on and t~e current in said supply circuit at a preselected time instant or instants in each cycle and digital data processing ~eans arranged to process the sampled data to determine energy consum,Ption during successive pxedetermined periods o~ t..me and to integrate the successive deter~inations of ener~y consumption.
Such an axrangement ~ay be used with a three phase supply in which case the three phase yoltages and phase cUrrents are separate~,y s~p~ed or it ~ay be used with a single phase supply in which case only a sinsle voltage and current has to be sa~pled. The digital data processing means, which is typically a m,icropr~cessor, effects the required computations from th,e sampled values.
I a sin~le phase supply is considered with the ~iXcuit car;~ying a current ~ at a yoltage y and with a phase la~ (or phase lead) between the current and ~olta~e of 0, ~hen i the wave~4r~s were sinusoidal, the power consumption is yI cos 0. Conveniently, this can be measured by pulse samplin~ durin~ the peak oi one of the wa~e~orms. Preferably the ~easure~ent is made at the peak of`the volta~e waveform, so as to determine the instantaneous peak value of Y and of I cos 0. The r.m,s.
product can be readily determined by processing of this ~nformation~ It may be preferred to average successive determinations of V anu of I cos 0 separately over a number ~ J
_3~
o~ cycles of tne ~lt~xn~ting su~ply frequenc~,~, typlcally a fe~-hwldre~ cvcles, before determinin~ the product and hence the ener~y consumption durin~ this period.
In gelleral however, the waveforms may not be sinusoidal and preferably therefore the sampling is effected a number of times, at predetermined time instants, in each cycle of the alternatin~ supply. The supply may be re~arded as havin~ a major component at the fundamental frequency, e.g. 50 Hz or 60 Hz, together with lesser co~ponents at har~onic ~requencies. It will be i~ediately apparent that s~mpll'ng at the voltage peak of the fundamental frequency wil~ not measure any power in the second harmonic ('that IS at do~ble the ~undamental frequency~. The power in the second harmonic may be deter~ined by measurements at appropriate sampling points.
In existin~ types f electromechanical Xilowatt-hour me~ers, mechanical inertia giVes a sn,(iothing effect so that the power consUm,ption ind~ation is arranged throughout th~ cycle. This effect can be achieved, in the kilowatt-hour meter o~ the present invention, by multiple samplingduring each cycle, Howe~ex, by the precise choice of samplin~ instants in the cycle it becomes possible by data-processin~ techniques selectively to control the inclusion of the power content of harmonics in the inte~rated output of the kilowatt-hour meter. The data handling capacity of present-day data processors, for examnle . . ' . . ~, ':
. .
.
.
~4~
~icroprocessors, ~akes it readilx ~ossible ~or the data a~aIlable Lrom rnultiple samplin~ in each cycle to be processed for example ~o control the inclusion of the power content of harmonics in the integrated total.
Thus preferably the pulse sar~plin~ is effected repetitiYely at a plurality o~ preselected times in each cycle of the incoming voltage waveform. The kilowa~t-hour meter may have a voltage transformer to provide an analogue ~oltage wavefo~n to said pulsesampling means and a current transformer to provide an analogue current to sald pulse sampling means and the analogue-to-digital conversion may be ef~ected in said digital data processing means to : convert the sampled ~oltage and current magnitudes separately into digital data fox processing.
It is conVen:Lent, with the kilowatt-hour meter of the present inventionr to transmit in~orm~tion from said digital data processing means via a data link to a central data processor at the supply utilitY. Such a data linX
need not be continuously a~ailable since the central processor need only periodically interrogate the customer's digital data processing means. Such a data link, using a time-sharin~ operation, may employ existing telephone lines or may use the power supply network, e.g. by a superimposed ~5 carrier or may be by radio communication or by optic fibres.
The output from the clock signal generatox may be integrated, e.g~ counted in a digital counter to provide ~ ~ ~ 6 ;~
ciock ',ime. If a ~ata link is provided, the afo~e-mentioned clock s-gnal generator ~ay be utilised to provide clock timing for time-controlled operations, e.g.
for example, the custo~r~s data processing means may compute monetary charges; to ensure correct clock time, the integrated output from the clock signal generator may be periodically updated over the data link. It wi'll be understood that such periodic u~d~ting is required to correct the clock in the e~ent of any interruption of the supply. Such a ~lock may be used, ' îor example, ~or ef~ecting changes in the data processing xelated to ~bsolute time; e~. ~ariation of charging rates i.n accordance with time.
In particular, the ~nvention includes within its ~5 scope a kilowatt-hour meter as described above and having a two~way data co~munication link ~or transmission of data to and re~e~tion of data and oth,er signals ~rom a distant central data pxocessor.
BR:~EF DESC~IPTI ON OF TEE DRAI~ING
The accompanying drawin~ is a block diagra~
111ustratin~ one constxuction of kilowatt-hour meter ~orming one embodiment o~ t,he in~ertion.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
.. . . .
,In the drawing there is shown a single phase i.coming alternating supply ha~ing a live iead 10 and a return lead 11 extending through a unit 12, forming part of .~ kilowatt-hour meter. This unit I2 contains a voltage transformer ~ j 13 having an input winding 1~ connected between leads 10 and 11 and an output windi~g 15 giving a low voltage output, :
-" ' : ', - -. ' ' , ': : .
typically at about 12 ~olts, fox ~easurement purposes and as a power supply for a microprocessor to be described later. The ~it 12 also contains a current transormer 16 providing, Erom a winding 17, an analogue output representative of the current drawn from the supply.
The micorprocessor is in a unit 20, which may be physically remote from wlit 12. The voltage and current signals are processed in the microprocessor as short duration pulse samples, as will be further described later, and the.
~croprocessor includes analogue-to-digital conversion means 21 incorporating pulse sampling means to convert the voltage and current signals into di~ital data representati~e of the voltage between leads 10, 11 and the current through lead 10. The processor also contains an oscillator 22, constituting a timing signal generator, which is locked in phase with the! al~ernating supply voltage by phase locking means 23, including a sampling means controlled by the microprocessor to determine an error signal representative of the time diference between the sampling point and the zero crossing point, the error signal providing a feedback contro. for the oscillator. The phase locked oscillator produces timing signals at a ~xeqUency which is a multiple of and synchronised i phase with the incoming mains supply voltage.
These timing signals control the timing of the sampling pulses and also control a clock 24 to provide time information to the processor. The sampling pulses are ;' - .
arranged to occur at a number of preselected time instants in each cycle 5 the magnitudes of ~he current and voltage being sarnpled at each instant. These magnitudes are converted to digital form in the analogue~to-digital counter 21 and this information is processed to give an energy consumption measurement every 375 cycles, tl1at is approximately 72 seconds. ~his energy consumption is summed to give an integrated output which is indicated on an indicator 25.
As an example of one form of sampling, it might be - required, in a kilowatt-hour meter for domestic premises, to reject measurement of all harmonic power content up to the fourth harmonic. In this ease, eight samples per eyele may be employed, these samples being at time instants defined by -the f~llowing phase angles wit~l respeet to the start of a ~ero-crossing point forming the start of the cyele:- 45, 75, 105, 135, 225, 255, 285, ~15. It will be readily apparent that, by using more samples, e~en higher harmonics can be rejected. Alternatively power can be measured to inelude harmonic content by appropriate ehoice of sampling points.
Information from the processor unit 20 is fed via a data link 26, including a modem or isolating interface 27, to a eentral proeessor 28 at the supply utility~ ~ypieally sueh data transmission ~ould be made only upon interrogation from the central proeessor 28 of a memory 29 ...
.: ' ' :
' ' ' ~ , 3 1 ~
-8~-in the processor unit 20 and thus only inte~mittent use of ths data link is required. ~his data link may make use of a ~elaphone system or may use the power transmission cables for data transmission, e.g. using a superimposed carrier frequency or may use a radio link or optical fibres. The data link is a two-way link and information is fed from the central processor, for example, to reset the clock periodically so that it is corrected after any interruption of the power supply.
Clock information is utilised in the microprocessor, for example, to enable energy cons~ption measurements to be made corresponding to different periods of the day during which different tariffs for charging apply.
, ........... .
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A kilowatt-hour meter for determining, from voltage and current signals, the total energy passing through an alternating electrical supply circuit, said meter comprising a clock signal generator for generating timing signals at a frequency which is a multiple of the alternating supply frequency, the timing signals being synchronised in phase with the alternating supply frequency, pulse sampling means controlled by said clock signal generator for sampling the instantaneous magnitudes of the voltage on and current in said supply circuit at a preselected time instant or instants in each cycle and digital data processing means arranged to process the sampled data to determine energy consumption during successive predetermined periods of time and to integrate the successive determinations of energy consumption.
2. A kilowatt-hour meter as claimed in claim 1 wherein the clock signal generator comprises a timing signal frequency generator and phase locking means arranged to synchronise the phase of the output of the timing signal frequency generator with the phase of the incoming alternating supply.
3. A kilowatt-hour meter as claimed in either claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the digital data processing means comprises a solid state microprocessor.
4. A kilowatt-hour meter as claimed in either claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the pulse sampling is effected repetitively at a plurality of preselected times in each cycle of the incoming voltage waveform.
5. A kilowatt-hour meter as claimed in either claim 1 or claim 2 and having a voltage transformer to provide an analogue voltage waveform to said pulse sampling means and a current transformer to provide an analogue current waveform to said pulse sampling means and in that analogue-to-digital conversion is effected in said digital data processing means to convert the sampled voltage and current magnitudes separately into digital data for processing.
6. A kilowatt-hour meter as claimed in claim 1 and having a two-way data communication link for transmission of data to and reception of data and other signals from a distant central data processor.
7. A kilowatt-hour meter as claimed in claim 6 and wherein the clock signal generator comprises a timing signal generator and phase locking means arranged to synchronise the phase of the output of the timing signal generator with the phase of the incoming supply, and wherein there are provided means arranged to integrate the output timing signals from the clock signal generator together with reset means arranged for periodically resetting an integrated output from the clock signal generator in accordance with the clock time from said central data processor.
8. A kilowatt-hour meter as claimed in either claim 6 or claim 7 and including a modem or other isolating interface between said digital data processing means and said data communication link.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB7901133A GB2040051B (en) | 1979-01-11 | 1979-01-11 | Electroni kolowatthour meter |
| GB7901133 | 1979-01-11 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1166315A true CA1166315A (en) | 1984-04-24 |
Family
ID=10502478
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000343557A Expired CA1166315A (en) | 1979-01-11 | 1980-01-09 | Electronic kilowatt-hour meter for measuring electrical energy comsumption |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4345311A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0014038B1 (en) |
| JP (2) | JPS5594163A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE8183T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU526634B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1166315A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3068331D1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2040051B (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ192523A (en) |
Families Citing this family (68)
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-
1979
- 1979-01-11 GB GB7901133A patent/GB2040051B/en not_active Expired
-
1980
- 1980-01-03 AU AU54326/80A patent/AU526634B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-01-04 NZ NZ192523A patent/NZ192523A/en unknown
- 1980-01-07 US US06/110,027 patent/US4345311A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1980-01-07 EP EP80300056A patent/EP0014038B1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-01-07 AT AT80300056T patent/ATE8183T1/en active
- 1980-01-07 DE DE8080300056T patent/DE3068331D1/en not_active Expired
- 1980-01-09 CA CA000343557A patent/CA1166315A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-01-10 JP JP199280A patent/JPS5594163A/en active Pending
-
1988
- 1988-08-29 JP JP1988113254U patent/JPS6442468U/ja active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NZ192523A (en) | 1983-06-14 |
| EP0014038A1 (en) | 1980-08-06 |
| DE3068331D1 (en) | 1984-08-02 |
| EP0014038B1 (en) | 1984-06-27 |
| GB2040051A (en) | 1980-08-20 |
| ATE8183T1 (en) | 1984-07-15 |
| AU526634B2 (en) | 1983-01-20 |
| US4345311A (en) | 1982-08-17 |
| GB2040051B (en) | 1982-12-08 |
| JPS5594163A (en) | 1980-07-17 |
| JPS6442468U (en) | 1989-03-14 |
| AU5432680A (en) | 1980-07-17 |
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