CA2130434C - Method and apparatus for electronic meter testing - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for electronic meter testing Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2130434C
CA2130434C CA002130434A CA2130434A CA2130434C CA 2130434 C CA2130434 C CA 2130434C CA 002130434 A CA002130434 A CA 002130434A CA 2130434 A CA2130434 A CA 2130434A CA 2130434 C CA2130434 C CA 2130434C
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Prior art keywords
energy
signal
processor
display
rate
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CA2130434A1 (en
Inventor
Rodney C. Hemminger
Mark L. Munday
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Elster Solutions LLC
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ABB Power T&D Co Inc
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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D4/00Tariff metering apparatus
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R21/00Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
    • G01R21/133Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by using digital technique
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R22/00Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
    • G01R22/06Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods
    • G01R22/10Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods using digital techniques
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R35/00Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass
    • G01R35/04Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass of instruments for measuring time integral of power or current
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R22/00Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B90/00Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02B90/20Smart grids as enabling technology in buildings sector
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04SSYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/30Smart metering, e.g. specially adapted for remote reading

Abstract

Methods and apparatus for electronically displaying metered electrical energy are disclosed. A first processor (14) receives voltage and current signals and determines electrical energy. The first processor (14) generates an energy signal representative of the electrical energy determination. A second processor (16); connected to said first processor; receives the energy signal and generates a display signal representative of electrical energy information. A display (30) is connected to receive the display signal and displays the electrical energy information. In a first embodiment it is preferred for the first processor (14) to determine units of electrical energy from the voltage and current signals and to generate an energy signal representative of the determination of such units and the rate at which the units are determined. In another embodiment the first processor determines and displays watt units, apparent reactive energy units and the rate at which such units are determined. The display (30) may provide energy flow direction information.

Description

-wW~ 93/17345 PC.T/US92/09632 z~3o~~~ .
s METgoI) ~aPPT~s FOR ELECTROPiIC METER TESTI~10 Field of Im_ventior~:
The present invention relates generally to the (field of electric utility meters. More particularly, the present invention relates to both electronic watthour meters and meters utilized to meter real and reactive energy in both the forward and reverse directions.
Eaolca~ound of the Inventi~n:
Techniques and devices for metering the various forms of electrical energy are well known. Dieters, such as utility power meters; can be of two types, namely, ~lectro mechanical ~aased meters whose output is generated by a r~tating disk and elecf.ronic based meters whose output ce~mponent is generated electronically. A hybrid meter also exists;' wherein an electronic register for prov'iding an electronically generated display of metered electrical energy has been comi~inede usually optically, to ~ r~tating disk.
Pulses'geherated by the rotating disk; far example by l~.ght reflected from a spot painted on the disk, are utilized to generate an electronic output signal.
Lt ~r.~ll be appreciated that electro:aic meters have gained considerable ~.cceptance due to their increasing xel~ability sand extended ambient temperature raragee'' ' of operation. Corasequer~tly, ~araous forma o~ electronic base me'~ers have been Proposed which are virtuall~r free cf: any ~5 mova.ng parts. In the last ten years several metersl~a~e been pro~oeed which include a microprocessor: '., Testing ~f electronic meters has ai~aays been a '~~,ohlem. A special mode of register operat~.on known in the indiustry as the test mode has been available to ease register ...,-. r.--. ... -a .. . .. .,.. ... , <,...,-. __.,< . ..~i ~~' 1 ..... ., .
. <....<_., . . .

pf.'T/US92/096.~'' W~ 93/t7345 testing, however, little has been done to improve overall meter testing. Electronic meters have the potential of providing faster test times, multiple metering functions and calibration of the meter through software adjustment.
However, implementing such functions can be expensive and complicated. ~~~
Presently, electricrut~.lity companies can test mechanical meters with a piece"of test equipment which can reflect light off a metered disk to detect a painted spot as the disk rotates. An alternative form of testing mechanical meters is disclosed in tJ. S. Patent Number 4, 600, 881 ° LaRocca et al. which describes the formation of a hole in the disk.
A light sensitive device is placed in a fixed position on one side of the disk. As the disk rotates, and the hole passes 1,5 over the light sensitive device, a pulse is provided indicating disk movement.
Since electronic meters preferably do not contain rotating disks, such simple testing techniques cannot be utilized. Consequently, a need exists for an electronic meter having ~ relatively simple mans of testing the meter.
8~r~of t~e I~~~..~tl~~ s The previously described problem is resolved and other advantages are achieved in a method and apparatus for electronically displaying metered electrical energy are disclosed. A first processor receives voltage and current signals and determines electrical energy. The first processor generates an energy ssgnal representative of the electrical energy,deterr~3nation. A second pr~cessor, connected to said first processor, receives the energy s~:gnal and generates a display signal representative of ei~~tri.ca3 energy inf~rraation. A display is connected to receive the'display :~:
signal end displays the electra~cal'energy information. In a first embodiment it is preferred for the firs processor to d~°~ermine units of electrical energy from the voltage and 3~ current signals and to generate an energy ignal representative of such units and the rate at which the units are determined. In this embodiment it is also preferred for ~ ~ 3 ~ 4 3 ~ ' ~ PCTfUS92f0~632 ~,~ 93f 1735 ' - 3 °
the second processor to generate, in response to the energy signal, a disk signal representative of a rate of disk rotation equivalent to a traditional electromechanical meter and display signals are representative of the total number of units, the rate at which units are determined and the rats of equivalent disk rotation, wherein the display includes separate indicators for mach display signal. In another embodiment the first processor, in concurrently determining units of electrical energy, determines watt units, apparent 14 reactive energy units and the rate at which such units are determined, wherein the watt units, the apparent reactive energy units and the gate at which such units are determined are displayed: In stzll another embodiment, the first processor meters multiple types of electrical energy and generates energy signals. A first converter is provided for converting an electrical output signal to light. The second processor, connected to the first converter, generates an output signal in response to the energy signals, wherein the generation of the output signal includes the multiplexing of ~0 the energy signals into the output signal. In a still further embodiment; the display pr~vides energy flow direction inf oxm~tion .
It is preferred for the display. to be a liquid crystal display containing ~ plurality of visible aranundiat~rs. It is especially preferred for the second processor to generate 'the display signal so that select annunciatars are made risible at select times. In this fashion ~t is possible ~o provide an energy usage indicator equivalent to that of a rotating disk.. It is especially 34 desirable for the display signal to be ge~aerated so that the annuncia°tsrs provide a forward and reve~cse energy flow indicata:on at a rate faster than an equivalent disk rotation rate. In an especially preferred embodianent, three anr~unciators are located on the display for p~aviding the above indications of ~lec~rical energy directiono In that emb~da~msnt~, the annunciatoss are arranged i.n a line. The first annunciator i.s arrow shaped and indicative of the WO 93!17345 PCT/L'S92f096:~'_ ~~'34 _ 4 _ reverse direction and the third annunciator is arrow shaped and indicative of the forward direction. Tt is also preferred for the energy signal to be provided to the second processor at a given data rate. Tn such an embodiment it is especially pref erred f or the second processor . ~to include a data rate display member for displaying on tl~~.display the rate at which data is being provided to the se~:ond processor. In such an embodiment, the direction and bath the rate at which data is provided to the second processor and a signal mimicking the rate of disk rotation can be disp2ayed. Indicators for each quantity are provided.
~r~.ef Descriut~.on of the Drawings:
the present invention will be better understood, and its numerous objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the following detailed description of the invention when taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
~i~. 1 is a block diagram of an electronic meter ~r~nstructed in accordance with the present invention;
Figs. ~A-2F,eombine to provide a flow chart of the primary program utilized by the microcontroller disclosed in Fig. 1; .
Fag..3 is a front elevation of the liquid crystal ~~;Splay shown in Fig. l;
2~ Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view of select annunciators of the 3iqu~d crystal display shown in Fic~. 3;
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the optical port shc~w~ ara Fig. 1; and F~g~ 5 ~,~ a ~ch~matic diagram of certain command buttons contained i~ the meter.
Det~s.~e~ ~escr~._~t~.~a:
,~ new and no~rel meter for metering ~lsctrical energy is sown in Fig. 1 and generally designated 10: ~t is noted at the outset that th~a meter is constructed so that the 35 future implementation of higher level meterinr~ functions can be supported.

'VV~ 93/17345 ~. ~ ~ PC1/US92/09632 --Meter 10 is shown to include three resistive voltage divider networks 12A, 128, 12C; a f first processor ° an ADC/DSP
(analog-to°digital converter/digital signal processor) chip 14; a second processor - a microcontroller 16 which in the 5 preferred embodiment is a Mitsubishi Model 50428 microcontroller; three current sensors 18A, 18B, 18C; a 12V
switching power supply 2D. that is capable of receiving inputs in the range of 96-528V; a 5V linear power supply 22; a non-volat~.le power supply 24 that switches to a battery 26 when SV supply 22 is inoperative; a 2.5V precision voltage reference 28; a liquid crystal display (LCD) 30; a 32.768 kIalz oscillator 32; a 6.2208 MHz oscillator 34 that provides timing signals tc~ chip 14 end whose signal is divided by 1.5 to provide a 4.1472 MHz clock signal to microcontroller 16; a 2 kbyte EEPROM 35; a serial communications line 36; an optir~n connector 38; and an opt~.cal communications port 40 that may be used t~ read the meter: The inter-relationship and specific details of each of these components is set out more fully below, It will b~ appreciated that electrical energy has both vo~.tage and current characteristics. In relation to meter 2~1 voltage ~igr~als are provided to resist~.ve~ dividers 12A-12C and current signals are induced in a current trans~ox~mer (CT) and shunted. The output of CT/shunt combinations 18A-1.~C ,~s used to. determine electrical. energy.
First processor 14 is connected 'to rec~a.ve the voltage and current signals provided by dividers 12A--12C and shunts 1~A~18C. As will ;~e explained in greater detail below, processor 14 converts the v~ltage and current signals to ~~ltage and current digital signals, determines electrical energy from the voltage and current digital signals and generates an energy signal representat~.ve of the electrical energy determina~io~. Pr~cessor 14 will always generate y~~.~thour delivered (Tnlhr Del) and watth.our received (~dhr Rec) signals, and depending on the type of enexgy being petered, wi~,l generate either volt amp reactive hour delivered (~A~thr Del)/volt amp reactive hour received (VARhr Rec) signals or ~V~ 93/17345 PCT/US92/09S'~'' - - , volt amp hour delivered (VAhr Del)/volt amp hour received (VAhr Rec) signals. In the preferred embodiment, each y transition on conductors 42-48 (each transition from Logic low to logic high and vice versa) is~~epresentative of the measurement of a unit of energy..~~Second processor 16 is connected to first processor 14f~~' As will be explained in greater detail below, processor 16 receives the energy signals) and generates an indication signal representative of the energy signal(s).
In relation to the preferred embodiment of meter 10, currents and voltae~es are sensed using conventional current transformers (CT°s) and resistive voltage dividers, respectively. The appropriate multiplication is accomplished in a new integrated circuit, i.e. processor 14. Although described in greater detail in relation to Fig. 1, processor 14 is essentially ~a programmable digital signal processor (DSP) with built in analog to digital (A/D) converters. The converters are capable ~f sampling three input channels simultaneously at 2400 Hz each with a resolution of 21 bits and then the integral DSF performs various calculations on the results:
lvleter 10 can be operated as either a demand meter or as a so-called time of use (TOU) meter: It will be recognized that ToU meters are becoming increasingly popular due to he greater differentiation by whieh electrical energy is billed. For example, electrical energy metered during peak hours will be billed differently than electrical energy billed during mon-peak hours. As will be explained in greater detail below, first processor 14 determines units of electrical energy while processor 16, in the TOU mode, gualifies such energy units in relation to the time such units were det~:rmined, i. e. the season as well as the 'ti~ae of day.
All indicators and test features az~e brought out thxoaagh the face of meter 10, either on LCD 30 or through optical communications port.40. P~wer supply 20 for the electronids ~.s a switching power supply feeding low voltage '~V~ 93/17345 - PCT/US92/09632 linear supply 22. Such an approach allows a wide operating voltage range for meter l0.
In the preferred embcdiment of the present invention, the so-called standard meter components and register electronics are for the first time all located on a single printed circuit board {not shown) defined as an electronics assembly. This electronics assembly houses power supplies 20, 22, 24 and 28, resistive dividers 12A-12C for all three phases, the shunt resistor portion of 18A-18C, oscillator 34, processor l4, processor l6, reset circuitry (not shown) , EEPROM 35, oscillator 32, optical,port components 4a, LCD 30, aid an option board interface 3~. When this assembly is used for demand metering, the billing data is stored in EEPROM 35. This same assembly is used for TOU
25 metering applications by merely utilizing b~t.tery; 26 and reprogramming the configuration data in EEPRO~I 35.
Consider now the various componerrt~ of meter 10 in greater detail: Primary current being metered is sensed using conventional current transformers. It is preferred for the cuxrent transformer portion: of devices 18A-18'C have tight ratio error and phase shi~:t specifications in order to limit the' factors ~ffectingthe calibration ~f the metex to the electronics assembly itself: Such a limitation tends to enhance the ease with which meter l0 may be programmed. The 25- shunt resistor portion of devices lBA-1$C are loca~.ed on the electronics assembly described above and are preferably metal film resistors with a maximum temperature coefficient of 25 pp~/oC:
The phase voltages are broaaght directly to the e,l:ectronic, assemb~.y where resistive dividers 12~-12C scale these inputs to p~acessor 14. In the preferred embodiment, tl~e electronic componon~s are referenced t~ tie vector sum of each lane v~ltage for three wire delta systems and ~~ earth gr~und for all other services: Resistive d~:~ision ass ~,sed t~
3~ divide the input voltage so than a very liraeax voltage with ma:nimal phase shift ~ver a wide dynamic range pan be ~Ia~tained.

_g_ This in combination with a switching power supply allows the wide voltage operating range to be implemented.
It will be appreciated that energy units are calculated primarily from multiplication of voltage and current. The specific formulae utilized in the preferred embodiment, are performed in processor 14, shown in Fig. 1.
The M37428 microcontroller 16 is a 6502 (a traditional 8 bit microprocessor) derivative with an expanded instruction set for bit test and manipulation. This microcontroller includes substantial functionality including internal LCD drivers (128 quadraplexed segments), 8kbytes of ROM, 384 bytes of RAM, a full duplex hardware DART, 5 timers, dual clock inputs (32.768 kHz and up to 8 MHz), and a low power operating mode.
During normal operation, processor 16 receives the 4.1472 MHz clock from processor 14 as described above. Such a clock signal translates to a 1.0368 MHz cycle time. Upon power failure, processor 16 shifts to the 32.768 KHz crystal oscillator 32. This allows low power operation with a cycle time of 16.384 kHz. During a power failure, processor 16 keeps track of time by counting seconds and rippling the time forward. Once processor 16 has rippled the time forward, a WIT instruction is executed which places the unit in a mode where only the 32.768 kHz oscillator and the timers are operational.
While in this mode a timer is set up to "wake up" processor 16 every 32,768 cycles to count a second.
Power supply 20 can be any known power supply for providing the required direct current power.
Consider now the main operation of processor 16 in relation to Figs.
2A-2E and Fig. 3. At step 1000 a reset P~i'/US92/~f9632 ~V~ 93/17345 _ g _ signal is provided tp microcontroller 16. A reset cycle occurs whenever the voltage level V~ rises through approximately 2.8 volts. Such a condition occurs when the meter is powered up.
At step 1002, microcontroller 16 performs an initialize operation, wherein the stack pointer is initialized, the internal ram is initialized, the type of liquid crystal display is entered into the display driver portion of microcontroller l6 and timers which requires initialization ~t power up ars initialized. It will be noted that the operation of step 1002 does not need to be performed for each power failure occurrence. Following a power failure, microcontroller 16 at step 1004 returns to the main program at the point indicated when the power returns:
~15 'Upon initial power up or the return of power after a power failure; microcontroller 16 performs a restore function. At step 1006, microcontrcller 16 elisables pulses transmitted by processor A4. These pulses are disabled by providing the apprapriate signal restore bit: The presence 2~' of this bit indicates that ~ restore operation is occurring and that ;pulses generated during that time should be ignored.
Having; set the ,signal restore bit , microcontroller 16 determines ~t step 1008 whether the dower fail signal is present. If the power fail signal is present, microcontroller 25 16 ~txmps t~ the power fail routine at 1010. In the power fail routine, the output p~xts of microcontroller 16 are written low unless the restore bit ha.~ a~ot been set. If the restore bit his not been set, data in the microcon;troller 16 is written to memory:
30 '' ~If the'' pawer fail signal is n~t 'present, micr~occ~ntroller 16 displays segments ~t step ittl2. ,fit this time, the segments of the display are illuminated using the phase A potential: It will be recalled that phase A potential is p~°ovided to microcontroller 16 from processor 34 . At 10.4 , 35 the UART port and' other ports are initialized at 1016, the power f ai l interrupts are enabled such that if a f s l l ing edge .
is sensed from ~utput A of processor 14, an interrupt will ,,:,., .q.. r -c a.. w n.:::.;q r.4 K,a. ~,' ...~,..n~,..>
>-,z »: ~ I
>.. ~ . ..9_~.e.,... ., .
., . . ...>...,... . . ..... _... ..,....."Q .e.,.., r.r ..~.,. .. . , ... .
.. _.~r._:_... ... . ..e...._..,..s r..~...r:.... ~.:.::.,.m. . , .........
!1.~.s.,. ....,. .. . .. . , PCT/U~92/U96''' '~'~30~34 . , occur indicating power failure. It will be recalled that processor 14 compares the reference voltage VREF to a divided voltage generated by the power supplyt.20. Whenever the power supply voltage falls below the refere~rice voltage a power fail condition is occurring. ~.'R~,~
At step 1018, the downloading of the metering integrated circuit is performed. It will be appreciated that certain tasks performed by microcontroller 16 are time dependent. Such tasks will roquire a timer interrupt when the time for performing such tasks has arrived.
At 1112 2 , the self °test subroutines are performed .
Although no particular self-tests subroutine is necessary in order to practice the present invention, such subroutines can include a check to determine if proper display data is present. It is noted that data is stored in relation! to class des~:gnation and that a value is assigned to each class such that the sum ~f the class values equals ~ specified number.
If and display data is missing, the condition, of the class values for data which is present will not equal the specified swan and an error message will be disp3.ay~d. Similarly, microc~ntraller l6 compares the clock signal generated by processor l4 with the clock signal generated. by watch crystal 32 in order to determine whether the,appropriate relationship e~~.r~tw~la ' Having completed the self-test subro~xtia~es, the ram is re-initialized at 1024. In this re-initiali~~~ion, certain load const~rats are cleared from n~~mory. At 1026, various items are scheduled. Frar exam~ale~ tho display update is scheduled ~o that a goon as the ~°estore r~utine is completed, data is retrieved and the display i~ updlatec~. Similarly, optical communications are scheduled wherein microc~ntroller ~.~ de°~exmines whether any device is present at opta.cal port desired to c~mmunicate. Finally, at 1028 a signal 3.s given indicating that the restore rou~i»e had been completed. such a sic~r~al can include disabling the signal restore bit. Upon such an occurrence,-pulses previously disabled will now be c- ~ i . i r 3 ::~. 5... ,~t w .rv., ,a 14 t .:f .. .,'..
r. . fi.
f .., f 9 a ) .
. . . , f r , . . . ~. , ., .,. :Y ~. .. , . , .' .~, , , .... ................ ,. . _~.. ......,.,.. ":,Ja. a'... r ,. r a. , .~t..s..
, . .., ._. ,..." ..._ . a ...m.. .... SA.....,..:..:~.. .... a . , , . ,.. ..
..

~

~V~ 93/d7345 PCT/US92/09632 considered valid. Microcontrol3er 16 now moves into the main routine.
At 1.30, microcontroller 16 calls the time of day processing routine. In this routine, microcontroller 16 looks at the one second bit of its internal and determines whether the clock needs to be changed. For example, at the beginning and end of Daylight Savings Time, the clock is moved forward and back one hour, respectively. In addition, the time of day processing routine sets the minute change flags and date to change flags. As will be appreciated hereinafter, such flags are periodically checked and processes occur if such flags are present.
I~ wild. be noted that there are two real time interrupts scheduled in xniGrocontroller 16 which are nat shown '15 in Fig. 2; namely the roll minute interrupt and the day interrupt. At the beginning of every minute, certain minute tasks occur. Similarly, at the beginning of every day, certain day tasks occur. Since such tasks are not necessary ~o the practice of the presently claimed' invention, no further 20 details need be provided:
At 1Q32, microcontroller 16 determines whether a self-reprogram routine is scheduled. If the self-reprogram routine is scheduled, such routine is called at 1034. The self-xegrogram typically programs in new utility rates which 25 are stored in advance: Since new rates have .been incorporated, it will be necessary to also restart the display. After operation of the self-reprogram routine, microcontroller 16 returns to the: lain program: If it is detexanined at 1032 that the self-reprogram routine is raot 30 ~dheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1036 whether'any dayboundary tasks are. scheduled s Such a deterrm~.nat~on gas jade by determining the time and day and searching to see whe°~her any day tasks are scheduled gor that day. rf day tasks are scheduled, uch tasks are called at 1038. Tf no day 35 tasks are scheduled, microcontroller 16: next determines at 104D whether any minute boundary tasks h~.~e been scheduled.
It will be undexet~od that since time of use switch points WO 93/173d~ PCT/1:~592/Q96z' ~3 ~ 3 ~ _ occur at minute boundaries, for example, switching from one .
use period to another, it will be necessary to change data storage locations at such a point. If minute tasks are scheduled, such tasks are called at 1042. If minute boundary tasks have not been scheduled, micxocontroller 16 determines at 1044 whether any self-test hat~e~~'been scheduled. The self-tests are typically scheduled to occur on the day boundary, As indicated previously, ~ such. (self-tests can include checking the accumulative display data class value to determine whether the sum i5 equal to a prescribed value. If self-tests are sdheduled, such tests are called at 1046. If no self-tests are scheduled; microcantroller 16 determines at 1048 whether any season change billing data copy is scheduled. It will be appreciated that as season changes billing data changes.
Consequently, it will be necessary for microcontroller 16 to store energy metered for one season and begin accumulating energy metered for the following season. If season change billing data copy isscheduled, such routine is called at 1050. If nd season change routing is scheduled, microc~r~troller 16 determines at 152 whether the self-redemand reset has been scheduled. If the self-redemand reset is scheduled, such routine is called at 1054. This routine requires microcontroller 16 to in effect read itself and stoxe tha r~ad'value in memory: The self-redemand is then reset.
7C~ self-redemand reset has not been scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1056 whether a season 'change demand reset has been scheduled. If a season change demand reset is scheduled, such a r~utine i called at 1058. In such a routine, micro~ont~oller l:6 reads itself and resets the demand.
At 1060, microcontroller 16 determines whether ~~button sampling has been scheduled. button sampling will occurevexy e~,ght milliseconds. Reference is made to Fig. 6 for a more detailed description of an arrange~nerrt of buttons to be p~sitioned on the face of meter 1G. Ccsnsequently, if an eight millisecond period has passed, ~icr~oco~tr~oller 16 w~.11 determine than button sampling is scheduled and the button sampling routine will be called at 1062. -If button 1y~ 93197345 _ 2 ~ 3 ~ 4 3 4 PC1'lUS92/09632 sampling is net scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at -1064 whether a display update has been scheduled. This routine causes a new quantity to be displayed on LCD 30. As determined by the soft switch settings, display updates are scheduled generally for every three-six seconds. If the display is updated more frequently, it may not be possible to read the display accurately. If the display update has been scheduled, the display update routine is called at 1066. If a display update has not been scheduled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1068 whether an annunciator flash is scheduled.
It will be recalled that certain annunciat~rs on the display are made to flash. Such f lashing typically occurs every half second. If an annunciator flash is scheduled, such a routine is called at 1070. It is noted in the preferred embodiment 25 that a directional aranunciator will flash at the same rate at which energy determination pulses are transmitted from processor l4 to processor 16. Another novel feature of the invention is that other annunciators (not a~ndicative of energy direction) will flash at a rate approx~anately equal to the rate pf disk rotation in an ~lectro-mechanical meter used in ~ similar application:
If no annunciator flash is Scheduled, microcontrgller 16 determines at 1.072 whether optical communicati~r~ has been scheduled. It zai~.l be recalled that every half second mi~rocontroller l6 .de°termines whether any Signal has been generated at optical port: ~f a signal has been c~eherated indicting that optical communications is desired, ~hs optical communication routine w~.ll b~ scheduled.
I~ the optical comanunication routine is scheduled, such 3t~' aeou~ir~e ~is ' called' at 1074. This routine causes m~,~roeontroller 16 to sample optical post 40 for communications activity. If no optical routine is scheduled, micxooo~troller 16 dete~inines at 1076 whether. processor 34 is s~:gnaling an error. ~f processor 14 is signaling an error, microcontroller 16 at 1078 disables the pulse detection, Calls ~t~e download r~utine end after ~aerformanc~ ~f that routine, re-enables the pulse detection: If processor 14 is not WO 93/I7345 PCT/US92/096z?

_ _ signaling any error, microcontroller 16 determines at 1080 whether the download program is scheduled. If the download program is scheduled, the main routine returns to 1078 and thereafter back to the main program.
If the download program~has not been scheduled or after the pulse detect has been;:'~e-enabled, microcontroller 16 determines at 1Q82 whether-'.~'warmstart is in progress. If a warmstaxt is in progress, the power fail interrupts are disabled at 104. The pulse computation routine is called after ,which the power fail interrupts are re-enabled. It will be noted that in the warmstart data is zeroed out in order to provide a fresh start for the meter. Consequently, the pulse computation routine performs the necessary calculations fox energy previously metered in places that computation in the 25 appropriate point in memory. If a warmstart is not in .
pragress; mi~rocontroller 16 at 1~84 updates the remote relays': Typically; the remote relays are ~ont~ined on a board other han the electronics assembly board.
All data that is considered nQn-v~rlatile,for meter 10, i's stored in a 2 kbytes EEPROM 35. This includes configuration data (including the data for memogy 76 and memory 80~), total k'Wh' maximum and cumulative demands (Rate A demands in TOU); historic TOU data, cumulative number of demand. resets, cumulative number of power outages and the cumulative number of data altering communications. The present billing period TOU data is stored in the RAM contained within processor g6. As long as the microcontrol~:er 16 has adequate power, the RA~t contents and real time are maintained and the microcontroller 16 wild. not be reset (even ~n a demand 3~ r~gis~cer) LCD 30 allows viewing of the billing and otlher metering data and statures: Temperature compensation for LCD
is provided in the electronics. Even with this c~mpensation; the meter's operating temperature r~n~ge and the LCD's 5 volt fluid limits LCD 30 to being triplexed: Hence, the maximum number of '~~~ents supported in this design is 96.
' The display response time wi21' also slow noticeably at ' ~ ..i~A~ f4'. y . .~,~ 7 ~. .., 11. 4 . -9zff~ ..TA4 i ~i 4... 1, t TaSM'd' _ Ti, rr,'ks,.
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~ y. ~. w. 6 ... t n 5 ~.:::
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.~~h.H!-.YS:: f...
. >4 k ..:r :r,...
4 ~
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J
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xT . , r r r . . ., .r ,._ >,. . > . . .. , v . . :,.:hr, . . a 4.... , t, ., . ., ... ...,. ".,..n.. ......<.,. .. .. ~ ,.. . ., .,u..._f.~ . .., ...~_:.e.=_ ::~__~, _rl_..... ._..,._:f:.....,....... a, ..>,:
...4:.,......i.,... ....u,..... .. .ax..~... ......., ,...,....

temperatures below -30 degrees Celsius.
The 96 available LCD segments, shown in Fig. 3, are used as follows.
Six digits (.375 high) are used for data display and three smaller digits (.25 high) for numeric identifiers. In addition to the numeric identifiers, there are seventeen alpha annunciators that are used for identification. These are:
PREV, SEAS, RATE, A, B, C, D, CONT, CUM, RESETS, MAX, TOTAL, KV /, \, -\, R and h. The last five annunciators can be combined to produce:
KW, KWh, KVA, KVAh, KVAR, or KVARh, as shown. Three potential indicators are provided on the LCD and appear as light bulbs. These indicators operate individually and are on continuously when the corresponding phase's potential is greater than 57.6 Vrms, and flash when the potential falls below 38.4 Vrms. "TEST" "ALT", and "EOI" annunciators are provided to give an indication of when the unit is in test mode, alternate scroll mode, or an end of a demand interval has occured. Six (6) pulse and an alternate quantity (VA
hours or VAR-hours).
Pulse indicators 200-210 are configured as two sets of three, one set for indicating watts and another set for indicating VARhours. Each set has a left arrow, a solid square, and a right arrow. During any test, one of the arrows will be made to blink at the rate microcontroller 16 receives pulses from processor 14 while the square will blink at a lower rate representative of a disk rotation rate and in a fashion which mimicks disk rotation. It will be noted that signals necessary to flash indicators 200-210 are generated by processor 16 in energy pulse interrupt routines. The left arrow 200 blinks when energy is received from the metered site and the right arrow 204 blinks when energy is delivered to the metered site. The solid square 202 blinks at a Kh rate equivalent to an electro-mechanical meter of the same form, WO 93117345 P(.'T/L'S92/096z?
-test amperes, and test voltage. Square 202 blinks regardless of the direction of energy flow. The rate at which square 202 blinks can be generated by dividing the rate at which pulses are provided to processor 16. Consequently, testing can occur at traditional rates (indicative~~.of disk rotation) or can 'y accur at faster rates, thereby reducing' test time. Indicators 206--210 operate in a similar fashion, except in relation to apparent reactive energy flow.
These pulse indicators can be detected through the meter cover using the reflective assemblies (such as the Skan A-Matic 042100) of existing test equipment. .~s indicated above, the second set of three indicators indicate apparent reactive energy flow and have the tips of arrows 206 and 210 open so that they will not be confused with the watt-hour indicators.
Ref erring to Fig . 4 , it will be ' seen that annunciato~cs 200-20~ are positioned along a line, wherein annunciato~ 202 is p~sitioned between annunciators 200 and 2f4. As time progresses, processor 16 generates display signals so that, when energy is flowing in the forward direction, annunciator 204 always flashes. However, annunciators 200 and 202 can be made to flash selectively, to create the impression that energy is flowing from lift to xi,ght: When energy is Mowing in the reverse direction, the ~evexse is true. Annunciator 200 flashes dontinu~usly, and ~;nnunciators 202 ~n~ 204 flash seledtively to mimic energy flowing from riglxt to left.
Meter 10 interfaces to the outside world via liquid crystal display 30, optical port 40, or opti~n connector 38.
~i7 ~t is envisioned that most utility cost~mers will a.nterface ~o~ LCD 30 for testing of the meter, some uti3ities will desire an infrared LED, such as LED 112, o test the meter ' calibration. Traditionally, electronic meters have provided a single light emitting diode SLED) i.n addition tQ an optical 35 port to output a watthaur pulse. Such designs add lost, decrease reliability and lan~it test caPabilit~.~s. The present invention overcomes these limitations by multiplexing the w W~ 931t7345 _ 17 _ various metering funs Lion output signals and pulse rates over optical port 40 alone. Meter 10 echoes the kh value watthour test output on optical port 40 anytime the meter has been manually placed in the test mode (the TEST command button in Fig. 5 has been pressed} or alternate scroll mode (the ALT
command button in Fig. 5 has been pressed). While in these manually initiated modes, communication into processor 16 through optical port 40 is prevented. It is noted that in the preferred embodiment, the ALT button is capable of being enabled without removal of the meter cover (not shown). To this end a small mouable shaft (not shown) is provided in the meter cover so that when the shaft is moved the ALT component is enabled. Consequently, removal of the meter cover is not necessary in order to test the meter.
Referring now to Fig. 5, optical port 40 and reset circuitry 108 are shown in greater detail. optical port 40 provides electronic acc~s~ to metering information. The transmitter and receives (transistors 120 and 112) are 850 nanometer infrared c~mponents and are contained in the electronics assembly (as opposed to being mounted in the cover)y. Transistors I10 and led 112 are tied to DART include within microcontrol:ler 16 and the communications rate (9600 baud) is; limited by the response time of the -'optical components: The optical port can also be disabled from the UA~T (as described bel~w), allowing the DART to be used for other 3~uture communications without concern about ambient light. During test mode, optical port 40 will ~~ho the wa°~thour pulses received by the mic~ocontrAller over the transmitting LED 112 to conform to t~'aditional testing 3~ ~ practices ~rithout the necessity of an additional LED.
Meter 10 also provides he ability to be placed an the test mode and exit from the test ~~de via an optical port ~~ncti~n: preferably with a data command. when in a test mode initiatedvia gp~ical port 40; the meter will echo metering pulses as deffined by the command transmitted oni the optical pert tx'ansmitter. This allows the multiplexing of ~n~tering Functions or pulse rates over a single hED. In the preferred ..
,.
::~
. .::,.:.. , .. ... .
. .. ....,. . .... ..~ ,.,;.~ . ,,y:., _. , ......, , .,.. ,..., . _.... _ _ .,. _.._ . _ _...,~. ... .... .. ....~: ..... . ..~ ...... . ..,a.~.~ ,~. ~<
.,....... ...." .

i~~ 93/17345 PCT/US92/095''' 4 , .
_z8-embodiment, such a multiplexing scheme is a time based multiplexing operation. The meter will listen for further communications commands. Additional commands can change the rate ar measured quantity of the test output over optical port 40. The meter will "ACK" any command'sent while it is in the test mode and it will "ACK" the exit test mode command. While in an ~ptically initiated test mode';,.: commands other than those mentioned above are processed normally. Because there is the possibility of an echoed pulse confusing the programmer-readers receiver, a command to stop the pulse echo may be desired so coanmunications can proceed uninterrupted. If Left in test mode, the usual test mode time out of three demand intervals applies:.
The data command identified above is called "Enter Test Mode°' and is followed by 1 data byte defined below. The command is acknowledged by processor 16 the same as other communications commands: The command places meter 20 into the standard test mode: While in this mode, communications inter command timeouts do not apply: Hence, the communications session does not end unless a terminate session command is transmitted or teet motile is terminated by any of the normal ways of exiting test mode (pressing the test button, poorer failure, etc.), including the no activity tim~out. Display 30-cycles through the normal test mode-display sequence (see 2~ the main pr~gram at ~.044,.10~0 and 1064 and button presses perform their normal test mode functions. Transmitt3.ng this cc~mman~l multiple times causes the test m~de; and its associated timeout counter, to xestart agter each traa~smis~ion.
The data byte defines what input,pulse line;(sa to process~r~16 should be multiplexed and echoed over optical poxt!~40. Multiple l~.nes can be ~~t to.per~r~rm a totalizing gunetion. The definition of each bit in the data bite is as fo~.lows 3~ bit0 °- alternate test pulses, bitl = alternate delivered pulses, bit2 = alternate received pulses, w~ ~3/~~3as 213 (~ 4 ~ 4 bit3 = whr test pulses, bit4 = whr delivered pulses, bits = whr received pulses, bits 6 and 7 are unused.
.5 If no bits are set, the meter stops echoing pulses.
This can be used to allow other communications commands to be sent without fear of data collision with the output pulses.
While in this mode, other communications commands can be accepted. The test data can be read, the meter can be reprogrammed, the billing data can be reset or a warmstart can be initiated: Since the Total KWFi and Maximum Demand inf~rmation is stored to EEPROM 3~, test data is being processed in memory areas and functions such as demand reset and warmstart will.operate on the Test Mode data and not the 1.5 actual billing data. Any subsequent °'Enter Test Mode;, Command"
resets the test mode data just as a manual demand reset would in the test mode.
This command also provides the utility with a way t,o enter the test mode without having to remove the meter 2(~ cover: This will b~ beneficial to some utilities.
Inlhile the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to specific embodiments, those sk~.lled in the art.' will recognize that modification and wariatioris may be made without depaxti.ng from ~.~e principles 25 ~f the invent~.on as described herein abo~re and set forth in he following claim:
." . I f

Claims (14)

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. Apparatus for electronically displaying metered electrical energy, said electrical energy comprising voltage and current characteristics, wherein voltage and current signals representative of said voltage and current characteristics are provided, said apparatus comprising:
a first processor, connected to receive said voltage and current signals, for measuring power based on said voltage and current signals and for generating a pulsed signal defining an energy signal such that each pulse is representative of a predetermined unit of energy and output at a rate indicative of said measured power, wherein said unit of energy corresponds to one of the following types of energy: real energy, reactive energy, and apparent energy;
a second processor for receiving said energy signal, for generating in response to said energy signal a disk signal having a pulse rate representative of a rate of equivalent disk rotation and for generating display signals in response to said energy signal and said disk signal, each of said display signals being representative of one of said types of energy, said pulse rate of said energy signal, and said rate of equivalent disk rotation; and a display, connected to receive said display signals, for displaying said type of energy, said pulse rate of said energy signal and said rate of disk rotation, concurrently.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said energy signal is further representative of the direction of energy flow, said display signal being further representative of said direction, said display comprising indicators for indicating the direction of energy flow in response to said display signal.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein said indicators are sized and located on said display so that said pulse rate of said energy signal, said rate of disk rotation and the direction of energy flow can be concurrently monitored.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said display comprises a liquid crystal display, wherein said display comprises a plurality of visible annunciators.
5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein said second processor generates said display signal whereby select annunciators are made visible at select times.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein certain of said annunciators are arrow shaped.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein said annunciators are selectively made visible such that rotation of a disk is mimiced.
8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein one of said annunciators is made visible at the rate at which said units are determined.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said second processor generates said disk signal representative of a rate of disk rotation in relation to said pulse rate of said energy signal.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said second processor generates said disk signal by dividing the pulse rate of said energy signal by a desired value.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein said plurality of annunciators comprises first, second and third annunciators, wherein said first, second and third annunciators are positioned along a line, wherein said second annunciatior is positioned between said first and third annunciators
12. The apparatus of claim 11, whrein said first and third annunciators are arrow shaped, wherein said first and third annunciators can be made visible at said pulse rate of said energy signal and can be made visible at said rate of disk rotation and wherein said second annunciator can be made visible at said rate of disk rotation.
13. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a light converter for converting light to an electrical signal, said light converter connected to said second processor.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein said second processor is capable of generating and receiving communication signals through said light converter, wherein said second processor is capable of echoing portions of said energy signal through said light converter.
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US6703823B1 (en) 2004-03-09
CN1138983C (en) 2004-02-18
BR9207087A (en) 1995-12-05
DE69231869D1 (en) 2001-07-12
WO1993017345A1 (en) 1993-09-02
AU675921B2 (en) 1997-02-27
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DE69233475T2 (en) 2006-04-13
EP0627083A1 (en) 1994-12-07
CN1053965C (en) 2000-06-28
CN1229921A (en) 1999-09-29
US6504357B1 (en) 2003-01-07
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US7239125B2 (en) 2007-07-03
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US5537029A (en) 1996-07-16
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US6483290B1 (en) 2002-11-19
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US6762598B1 (en) 2004-07-13
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EP1070967A1 (en) 2001-01-24

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