CN100515091C - 用于对压缩的视频信号接收系统进行同步的方法 - Google Patents

用于对压缩的视频信号接收系统进行同步的方法 Download PDF

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CN100515091C
CN100515091C CNB2005100818548A CN200510081854A CN100515091C CN 100515091 C CN100515091 C CN 100515091C CN B2005100818548 A CNB2005100818548 A CN B2005100818548A CN 200510081854 A CN200510081854 A CN 200510081854A CN 100515091 C CN100515091 C CN 100515091C
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J·W·兹德普斯基
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    • H04N21/236Assembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. transport stream, by combining a video stream with other content or additional data, e.g. inserting a URL [Uniform Resource Locator] into a video stream, multiplexing software data into a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Insertion of stuffing bits into the multiplex stream, e.g. to obtain a constant bit-rate; Assembling of a packetised elementary stream
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H04N21/238Interfacing the downstream path of the transmission network, e.g. adapting the transmission rate of a video stream to network bandwidth; Processing of multiplex streams
    • H04N21/2389Multiplex stream processing, e.g. multiplex stream encrypting
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    • H04N21/40Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
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    • H04N21/434Disassembling of a multiplex stream, e.g. demultiplexing audio and video streams, extraction of additional data from a video stream; Remultiplexing of multiplex streams; Extraction or processing of SI; Disassembling of packetised elementary stream
    • H04N21/4344Remultiplexing of multiplex streams, e.g. by modifying time stamps or remapping the packet identifiers
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H04NPICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/40Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
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    • H04N21/438Interfacing the downstream path of the transmission network originating from a server, e.g. retrieving MPEG packets from an IP network
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    • H04N21/845Structuring of content, e.g. decomposing content into time segments
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    • H04N21/85Assembly of content; Generation of multimedia applications
    • H04N21/854Content authoring
    • H04N21/8547Content authoring involving timestamps for synchronizing content

Abstract

一用于生成多层压缩视频信号的传输或多路复用层的信号的中间层同步的装置,在系统的编码端包括含时间标志基准的装置,由各电路的渡越时间刷新差值时间标志。在系统的接收端,一计数器响应受控接收机时钟信号对计数器的计数值进行取样。从信号中恢复出时间标志和差值时间标志,并相结合形成校正的时间标志。接收机计数器连续取样计数值的差与对应于连续校正后的时间标志的差相比较,以提供一信号来控制该接收机时钟信号。

Description

用于对压缩的视频信号接收系统进行同步的方法
本发明申请是申请日为1994年5月12日、申请号为00108637.5、发明名称为“用于提供压缩的视频信号接收系统进行同步的装置”的专利申请的一个分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于在一信号去压缩装置上提供时钟信号的方法及装置,该时钟信号大体频率锁定到编码装置的时钟信号上。
背景技术
压缩视频信号产生及传输系统可工作于几种同步等级,或更恰当地说称之为异步状态。例如,实际的压缩装置将被至少部分上地同步于源视频信号的垂直帧速率,并且也可以同步于彩色副载波。一旦视频信号被压缩且形成特定信号规程(例如MPEG1),那么它可进一步被处理成用于传输的传输数据包。该传输数据包可与来自其它视频或数据源的数据包进行时分多路复用。打包及多路复用可以与压缩操作相互同步的方式地进行,也可以异步地进行。这些传输数据包(无论是否多路复用)可随后送到用于数据传输的调制解调器。该调制解调器可以与前述的系统同步操作,也可以不同步。
在全多路复用传输的压缩信号的接收机处,通常需要各个子系统以它们的系统的编码端相对应部分的相反功能同步地操作。这种情形中的同步操作一般可以是指各子系统的操作极为接近于其对应部分子系统的相同频率。例如,去压缩器应当以由压缩器处视频信号源所提供的一个相同的帧速率来提供视频信号,并与相关的音频信号同步。系统的视频/音频去压缩部分的同步可以通过在编码器处于压缩的视频/音频信号中插入的表现时戳来完成,这种时戳指示各信号段的产生/再现的相关时间。这种表现时间基准(PTR’s)可被用于比较相关音频与视频信号的时序,以实现同步和用于合适的排序及连续性。
接收机调制解调器当然必须以与发射调制解码器精确的频率工作。接收机调制解调器通常包括响应于发射载波频率的锁相环,以产生同步时钟信号。
由于两种原因,多路复用和或传输数据打包装置的同步趋于更复杂。首先,多路复用的数据可以是分散地到达;其次,为了将制作成本减至最小,在调制解调器及去压缩器之间一般要采用速率缓冲,且必须采取措施以确保其速率缓冲既不上溢也不下溢而具有使缓冲器保持为尽可能小的约束。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种用于对压缩的视频信号接收系统至少一部分进行同步的方法,该接收系统处理在压缩的视频信号的传输数据包中出现的压缩的信号,其中,所述传输数据包的各个可识别的数据包包括含周期地从用于对编码系统时钟的脉冲模K计数的计数器中获得的计数值的节目时钟基准,K为正整数,且所述传输数据包的各个可识别的数据包包括不同节目时钟基准DPCR,该不同节目时钟基准DPCR同与所述压缩的视频信号多路复用的预压缩信号的数据的节目时钟基准,以及由传输数据包引起的增量延时之一相关,所述方法包括:接收包括具有所述计数值和不同节目时钟基准DPCR的传输数据包的所述传输数据包;响应于控制信号E而提供接收机系统时钟;用接收机计数器对所述接收机系统时钟的脉冲模K计数;响应于包括所述计数值的传输数据包的出现,存储由该接收机计数器输出的计数值;从所述传输数据包中恢复计数值和所述不同节目时钟基准DPCR,且响应于连续存储的由该接收机计数器输出的计数值以及对应的来自所述传输数据包的所述计数值,产生控制受控振荡器的所述控制信号E。
附图说明
图1是采用本发明的时钟恢复装置的压缩视频编码/解码系统的方框图。
图2是对表示来自不同信号源的多路复用数据的形成有用的信号多路复用装置的方框图。
图3和图5是用于发送的压缩视频信号数据的时钟恢复装置另两个实施例的方框图。
图4是包括有一个用于增强含在多路复用信号之内的定时基准的一个系统的信号多路复用装置的方框图。
图6和图7是传输数据块以及辅助信号传输数据块的图示表示。
图8是在图2中的传输处理器的操作流程图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了一个可应用本发明的典型系统,该系统是一个压缩数字视频信号传输装置。在本系统中,来自视频信号源10的视频信号送到压缩器11,该压缩器包含一个采用离散余弦变换的经运动补偿的预测编码器。被压缩的视频信号从压缩器11耦合到格式器12。根据某一信号规程,例如由国际标准化组织建议的标准MPEG,该格式器12对压缩视频信号和其它辅助数据作安排。已标准化的信号送到传输处理器13,它将信号分成数据包并添加某些其它数据,以提供用于传输目的的抗噪声功能。将通常以非均匀速率出现的传输数据包施加到速率缓冲器14,该缓冲器以相对恒定的速率提供输出数据,以便高效使用相对窄的带宽传输通道。该缓存的数据与执行信号传输的调制解调器15耦合。
系统时钟22提供钟控信号,以操作至少包括传输处理器在内的大部分装置。该时钟将以固定的频率工作,例如27MHz。然而,如其中所示,它被用于产生定时信息。该系统时钟与计数器23的时钟输入端耦合,该计数器可被设置成例如模为230的计数。由计数器输出的计数值送到两个锁存器24和25。锁存器24受视频信号源的调节以便在各个帧间隔出现之际对计数值进行锁存。这些计数值被用来代表表现时戳(PTR’s),并由格式器12包括在压缩视频信号数据流中,而且由接收机用来提供相关的音频和视频信息的对口同步(lip-synchronization)。锁存器25由传输处理器13(或系统控制器21)所调节,以根据预定规程来锁存计数值。这些计数值用来表示节目时基(PCR’s),并作为辅助数据而被嵌入在各辅助传输数据包中。
系统控制器21是一个可变状态机,它受程序控制而协调各个处理单元。应当注意,只要在各处理单元之间提供合适的交互通信,系统控制器21、压缩器11和传输处理器13可以是,也可以不是经一公共钟控装置而同步的。
图1中的单元16-26包括了传输系统的接收端,其中的调制解调器16执行的是调制解调器15的相反功能。来自调制解调器16的数据送到一个反向传输处理器18,它将根据系统的规程格式化的压缩视频信号提供至速率缓冲器17,随后,速率缓冲器17根据需要将压缩的视频信号提供给去压缩器19。该去压缩器响应于压缩的视频信号而产生非压缩的视频信号,以显示于装置20上或存储于一个合适的装置中。
反向传输处理器18还将来自辅助传输数据的PCR’s以及控制信号送到系统时钟发生器27。响应于这些信号的时钟发生器产生至少与传输处理器操作同步的系统时钟信号。该系统时钟信号被送到接收机系统控制器26,以控制适当的处理单元的时序。
参考图2,它示出了可被包括在诸如传输调制解调器15中的装置。该调制解调器可从多个信号源接收数据,这些数据是在一公共传输通道上待传输的全部数据。这一点可以通过对来自各种信号源的各种信号进行时分多路复用来实现。此外,多路复用可分层进行。例如,视频节目Pi可以在不同的演播室内产生,并被耦合到第一多路复用器55。这些节目按照公知技术而被时分多路复用并作为一个源信号S1来提供。
信号S1以及来自其它信号源的源信号Si被送到第二层多路复用器56,其中,信号Si依照公知的技术和预定的规程进行时分多路复用。最终,在各节目自身之内,可以有其它形式的多路复用。这种多路复用可以采用插入到节目内容中的商业节目的形式,或是插入在现场制作节目基段之间的存储节目的形式。在后者情况中,假设该商业节目或被存储的节目已经分别以PTR’s和PCR’s预先编码。在这种情况中,被存储节目的PTR’s和PCR’s则将与实况节目的实时PTR’s和PCR’s无关。至于PTR’s,由于视频信号将包括指示去压缩器重新启动新信号的指令的参数,故其PTR’s通常不会引起什么问题。相反,缺少被存储的和实时的PCR’s之间的相关性会完全中断接收机系统的速率缓冲反向传输处理器单元而失去同步性。
图2中,假定传输处理器53包括在操作上类似于各多路复用器55和56的多路复用装置。
在多路复用系统中还存在另外的问题。为了在各多路复用点处如果数据从多个信号源同时地到达时不丢失数据,则必须在多路复用器中提供一定程度的信号缓冲。这些缓冲器将引起T±δt的延时,其中的δt表示一个抖动分量。假设节目经过了100个(为了强调问题而夸大了该数字)多路复用器,且每次多路复用添加1秒±1微秒的延时。则端到端的延时是100秒±100微秒的延时。由于被压缩的视频信号且进而PTR’s已经历了相同的延时,因而该100秒的延时对于去压缩器而言就不是什么问题。而这一±100微秒的抖动必须加以考虑,否则该解码器缓冲器可能会上溢或下溢。
图3示出了接收机时钟发生器的第一实施例。在该实施例中,在信号路径中,传输处理器可置于速率缓冲器17以前,以便消除可能在接收机速率缓冲器中出现的可变延时。来自接收机调制解调器的数据耦合到反向传输处理器32和辅助数据包检测器31。该反向传输处理器32包括响应于在各传输数据包中的标题数据而用于产生时间信号的TP控制器33;响应于时间信号和传输数据包的去多路复用器,用于有选择地使在预定位置出现的传输数据包中的数据通过;和用于存储由去多路复用器选通的数据的存储器34。该反向传输处理器32从各传输数据包分组的有效负载中分离出传输标题数据。响应于该传输标题数据,处理器32将视频信号有效负载(此处示为业务数据1)送到诸如去压缩装置(未示出),并将辅助数据(示为业务数据2)送到适合的辅助数据处理单元中(未示出)。对置放在辅助数据中的PCR’s进行路由选定且将其存储在存储器34中。
辅助数据包检测器31(可以是一个匹配滤波器,用于识别指示含有PCR的辅助传输数据包的码字)在包含这种数据的传输数据包出现之际产生一个控制脉冲。这个控制脉冲被用来在锁存器35中存储由本机计数器36所当前呈现的计数值。该本机计数器36用于对由诸如压控振荡器37所产生的脉冲进行计数。该计数器36被设计成与其在编码器中的对应计数器(计数器23)具有相同模数的计数模。
压缩振荡器37由时钟控制器39所提供的经低通滤波的误差信号所控制。该误差信号以如下方式生成。使在时间n到达的PCR被指定为PCRn,且将当前锁存在锁存器35中的计数值被指定为Ln。时钟控制器读取PCR’s和T’s的顺续值并形成正比于下面差值的误差信号E:
E→|PCRn-PCRn-1|-|Ln-Ln-1|
该误差信号E用来将压控振荡器37调整到使这些差值趋于均衡的频率。由时钟控制器39产生的该误差信号可以为脉宽调制信号的形式,它可以通过用模拟元件形成低通滤波器38而变成模拟误差信号。
对本系统的约束是,系统两端处的计数器要计数相同的频率甚至是该频率的倍数。这就要求该压控振荡器的标称频率相当地接近于编码器系统时钟的频率。
前述的方案提供了相当快的同步,但会引入长项误差。该长项误差LTE正比于下面的差值:
LTE→|Ln-L0|-|PCRn-PCR0|
其中的PCR0和L0例如是首次出现的PCR和接收机计数器的对应锁存值。从名义上说,误差信号E和LTE将以离散的步长而改变。这样,一旦系统被“同步”,该误差信号将围绕零点高频抖动一个单位。最好的同步方法是使用误差信号E来启动压控振荡器的控制,直到在误差信号E中出现一个单位的高频抖动,并随即切换成使用长项误差信号LTE来控制压控振荡器。
为了调整在进行多路复用过程中引入的延时T±δt,在编码器处的传输处理器在辅助传输数据包中产生的一个辅助字段,它包含与可变延时相关的信息。在各多路复用位置处制定修正这种可变延时信息的规程。参考图6和图7,其中图6示出了一种类型的类似于用在由高级电视研究联合会所研制的高清晰度电视系统中的传输数据包。该传输数据包含有一个前缀,除其它内容处,该前缀会有一个总的识别符,以指示包含在该数据包中的有效负载是关于哪一种业务。字段CC是被为误差检测目的而包含的连续性检测值。HD字段是一个说明性定义了该有效负载的业务说明标题。例如,如果特定的业务被指示用来提供电视节目编排,那么该种业务类型的传输数据包的各有效负载可以包含音频数据、视频数据或相关的辅助数据。该HD字段因而指示了用于该特定数据包的特定有效负载的类型。
图7示出了一个包含辅助数据的传输数据包。辅助传输数据包的有效负载可包括一个或多个辅助数据组,视各组中所包括的数据量和现行系统需求而定。在图7所示的传输数据包中有两个辅助数据组AUX1和AUX2,包含与节目时钟基准相关的数据。辅助数据组AUX1包括与可变延时相关的数据,而数据组AUX2包括PCR本身。各数据组包括一个辅助数据组前缀和一个辅助数据块。该前缀包括字段MF、CFF、AFID和AFS。字段MF是一个1比特字段,它指示该数据包中的数据是否为可修正的(1为可修正而0为不可修正)。CFF是一个1比特字段,它指示是否为该数据组定义了辅助数据。AFID是一个6比特字段,它标示包含在该数据组中的例如时间码、加扰钥、版权等辅助数据的类型。AFS是一个8比特字段,定义包含在该数据组中辅助数据的字节数。
AUX1数据组被示出为可修正的而AUX2数据组被示出为不可修正。AUX2数据被示出为PCR数据,即节目时钟基准。AUX1数据被标示为DPCR数据,在此,它是用于不同节目时钟基准的缩写。PCR数据是在对编码器中的传输处理器进行控制的程序机的控制之下所获得的。DPCR数据的获得将参考图4的描述来说明。
图4的装置是一个典型的装置,它是图2所示的一个多路复用器电路的一部分。与各输入总线相关的是缓冲器67,它可以是FIFO的。当节目数据到达且多路复用器目前正访问一个不同的输入总线时,这些数据被存储于其中。随后,依照该多路复用器的程序调度,从缓冲器67中读出节目数据。
节目数据的各传输数据包包括含有PCR和DPCR数据的辅助数据组。应注意到,该PCR数据的值是相对于包含辅助定时信息的传输数据包的定时来确定的。当PCR数据在由多路复用器输出时可由于在进行多路复用过程中信号的争用而招致的任何延时的原因而是错误的。通过该缓冲器所占用的延时时间T±δt被用来修正该DPCR数据,以便随后校正这些误差。用来检测包含DPCR数据的传输数据包的出现的辅助数据包检测器61被耦合到节目数据输入总线。该检测器用来使计数器62复位和启动以便对本机时钟60的脉冲进行计数。本机时钟60可以是一个频率具有非常接近编码器系统时钟频率的晶体振荡器,也可以按照图3或图5之装置的操作而频率锁定于编码器时钟。另一个辅助数据包检测器63被耦合到缓冲器67的输出总线,当包含DPCR数据的辅助数据包从该缓冲器出现时,用来将计数器62输出的当前计数值存储在锁存器68中。此时计数器的输出将呈现特定数据包经过缓冲器的渡越时间的计数值,该计数值是以时钟频率周期为单位的。用来存储锁存器68中的计数器62输出的当前计数值。此时计数器的输出将呈现以时钟频率周期为单位的计数值,即经过特定数据包的缓冲器的渡越时间。应当注意,如果有可能有多个辅助数据包彼此邻近而出现,而使得多于一个的数据包可能同时地通过缓冲器67的话,该辅助数据包检测器则必须被用来检测并响应每次出现的数据包。
辅助数据包检测器61还提供控制信号,该信号被用来调节锁存器64以便存储包含在辅助数据包中的DPCR值。该值被送到加法器65的一个输入端口。而存储在锁存器68中的本机计数值被加到该加法器65的第二输入端。加法器65将来自当前辅助数据包的DPCR数据和本机计数值相加,以便提供刷新后的DPCR值DPCR’。来自缓冲器67的节目数据和加法器65的输出被耦合到一个2至1多路复用器66的各输入端口上。该多路复用器66由辅助数据包检测器63所调节,以便正常地传送节目数据。然而,当包含在节目数据中的DPCR数据从缓冲器出现时,多路复用器66经调节以便传送来自加法器的刷新后的DPCR’数据,并随之转回到传送来自缓冲器67的数据。
当多路复用器66经调节以便传送来自加法器的数据时,来自加法器的输出信号对应于包含在辅助数据包中的DPCR数据与当DPCR数据从缓冲器出现时计数器62中的计数值之和。因此,由多路复用器66对于所替换DPCR数据的数据是对缓冲器67中的过渡时间进行了校正的前一DPCR数据。应当注意,建议对辅助数据包检测器进行程序控制,从而根据该辅助数据组的合适的修正标志MF而仅改变节目数据。
再回到附图2,传输处理器53将建立DPCR辅助数据组,且通常给对应于新节目的DPCR数据插入一个零值。然而,考虑到来自数字存储介质51的存储数据可被插在实况数据段之间,并且可以用PCR和DPCR码对存储的数据进行预编码。当传输处理器53将存储的数据插在实况数据段之间时,该处理器访问该存储数据的PCR码并且从计数器23和/或锁存器25当前呈示的计数值中减掉该PCR值。然后传输处理器将这一差值加到存储数据的辅助数据包中的DPCR值上。插在实况数据之间的存储数据中的新DPCR值则现在包含一个对于当前时间的基准。这一过程在图8的流程图中作了说明,该流程图自身已经作出了说明。
接收机中使用DPCR数据的情况见图5所示。图5中,除了元件32的功能作了改进之外,用与图3中的元件相同标号所标示的元件是相似的,并执行相似的功能。其改进涉及的是包括了加法器45,用于将在相关辅助数据组中达到的对应的PCR和DPCR的值相加。由加法器提供的和值对应于例如多路复用中引起的过渡延时所加大的原始PCR值。这些和值放在存储器46中,时钟控制器39可从其中获得该和值作为校正后的PCR’的值,以用于系统时钟的同步。

Claims (1)

1.用于对压缩的视频信号接收系统至少一部分进行同步的方法,该接收系统处理在压缩的视频信号的传输数据包中出现的压缩的信号,其中,所述传输数据包的各个可识别的数据包包括含周期地从用于对编码系统时钟的脉冲模K计数的计数器中获得的计数值的节目时钟基准,K为正整数,且所述传输数据包的各个可识别的数据包包括不同节目时钟基准DPCR,该不同节目时钟基准DPCR同与所述压缩的视频信号多路复用的预压缩信号的数据的节目时钟基准,以及由传输数据包引起的增量延时之一相关,所述方法包括:
接收包括具有所述计数值和不同节目时钟基准DPCR的传输数据包的所述传输数据包;
响应于控制信号E而提供接收机系统时钟;
用接收机计数器对所述接收机系统时钟的脉冲模K计数;
响应于包括所述计数值的传输数据包的出现,存储由所述接收机计数器输出的计数值;
从所述传输数据包中恢复计数值和所述不同节目时钟基准DPCR,且响应于连续存储的由所述接收机计数器输出的计数值以及对应的来自所述传输数据包的所述计数值,产生控制受控振荡器的所述控制信号E。
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