US8164312B1 - Reduction in generator-sourced fault current contribution - Google Patents
Reduction in generator-sourced fault current contribution Download PDFInfo
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- US8164312B1 US8164312B1 US13/015,014 US201113015014A US8164312B1 US 8164312 B1 US8164312 B1 US 8164312B1 US 201113015014 A US201113015014 A US 201113015014A US 8164312 B1 US8164312 B1 US 8164312B1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
- H02H9/02—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess current
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/006—Means for protecting the generator by using control
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/06—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric generators; for synchronous capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
- H02J3/1885—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using rotating means, e.g. synchronous generators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/10—Control effected upon generator excitation circuit to reduce harmful effects of overloads or transients, e.g. sudden application of load, sudden removal of load, sudden change of load
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/10—Control effected upon generator excitation circuit to reduce harmful effects of overloads or transients, e.g. sudden application of load, sudden removal of load, sudden change of load
- H02P9/105—Control effected upon generator excitation circuit to reduce harmful effects of overloads or transients, e.g. sudden application of load, sudden removal of load, sudden change of load for increasing the stability
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/14—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to electrical power distribution networks and more particularly to reducing generator-sourced fault current contribution in an electrical power distribution network.
- An electrical power distribution network typically includes transmission lines and other connection components that connect a number of electric power producers such as generators to electrical loads.
- the generators that are connected at the time of the fault create a short current fault contribution.
- each generator will tend to increase its output current in an attempt to maintain the output voltage at a rated value. This results in increased current flowing over the electrical power distribution network, which is referred to as fault current.
- Switchgear provided at various locations of the electrical power distribution network is typically used to interrupt the fault current. In order for the switchgear to function properly the fault current should not be above the rated capacity of the switchgear, which is referred to as fault level.
- switchgear As more generators are added to the electrical power distribution network to serve electrical loads, fault levels required on the network increase by increasing fault currents. When the required fault level exceeds the rated levels of the switchgear, the switchgear can be upgraded or replaced to allow a higher fault level. This may be an expensive option for established electrical power distribution networks and may be an impediment when it comes time for power producers to decide whether to add additional generators.
- a system comprising a generator including field winding that is configured to generate a magnetic field in response to receiving a field excitation current and a generator terminal that is configured to generate an output voltage that is a function of the field excitation current applied to the field winding.
- a generator step-up transformer coupled to the generator terminal of the generator, is configured to adjust the output voltage generated from the generator terminal for interconnection with an electrical power distribution network.
- the generator step-up transformer operates on a maximum tap selection.
- the system further comprises an excitation system that is configured to supply field excitation current to the field winding of the generator.
- An excitation system compensator is configured to regulate the field excitation current supplied by the excitation system to the generator. The regulated field excitation current effectuates a change in the output voltage at the generator terminal that is a function of reactive power generated from the generator to reduce generator-sourced fault current contribution to the electrical power distribution network.
- a system for reducing fault current contribution from a power plant to a point of interconnection with an electrical power distribution network comprises a generator including field winding that is configured to generate a magnetic field in response to receiving a field excitation current and a generator terminal that is configured to generate an output voltage that is a function of the field excitation current applied to the field winding.
- a generator step-up transformer coupled to the generator terminal of the generator, is configured to adjust the output voltage generated from the generator terminal for interconnection with an electrical power distribution network.
- the generator step-up transformer operates on a maximum tap selection.
- An excitation system is configured to supply the field excitation current to the field winding of the generator.
- An excitation system compensator is configured to determine a compensation voltage for use by the excitation system to regulate the supply of the field excitation current to the generator that effectuates voltage control of the generator to reduce generator-sourced fault current contribution to the electrical power distribution network during a normal operating mode of the generator before occurrence of a fault.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system for reducing generator-sourced fault current contribution from a power plant to a point of interconnection with an electrical power distribution network according to embodiments of the present invention.
- Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to reducing generator-sourced fault current contribution to a point of interconnection with an electrical power distribution network.
- a high impedance generator that receives an excitation supply from an excitation system generates an output voltage that is supplied to the electrical power distribution network via a high impedance transformer.
- An excitation system compensator is used to regulate the supply of field excitation current to the generator that causes voltage control of the generator in a manner that reduces generator-sourced fault current contribution to the electrical power distribution network before occurrence of a fault. Even if a fault were to occur, embodiments of the present invention would enable the generator to produce a fault at a lower fault current than it otherwise would.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system 100 for reducing generator-sourced fault current contribution from a power plant to a point of interconnection with an electrical power distribution network according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- system 100 includes a generator 105 having field winding 110 that is configured to generate a magnetic field in response to receiving a field excitation current and a generator terminal 115 that is configured to generate an output voltage that is a function of the field excitation current applied to field winding 110 .
- generator terminal 115 that is configured to generate an output voltage that is a function of the field excitation current applied to field winding 110 .
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system 100 for reducing generator-sourced fault current contribution from a power plant to a point of interconnection with an electrical power distribution network according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- generator 105 having field winding 110 that is configured to generate a magnetic field in response to receiving a field excitation current
- generator terminal 115 that is configured to generate an output voltage that is a function of the field
- generator 105 would have a rotor wrapped with field winding 110 and a rotor shaft mounted within a stator wrapped in armature winding.
- the rotor shaft would be driven by a turbine such as a steam turbine or gas turbine, so that field winding 110 of the rotor produces a constant magnetic field in response to receiving a supply of field excitation current.
- the magnetic field interacts with the armature winding of the stator to generate an output voltage at generator terminal 115 .
- generator 105 can have auxiliary systems that typically include a supply of water or other coolants provided to the generator coolers (heat exchangers), a stator winding cooling system, a hydrogen supply and control system for generators using hydrogen as the primary coolant, and bearing lubrication systems.
- auxiliary systems typically include a supply of water or other coolants provided to the generator coolers (heat exchangers), a stator winding cooling system, a hydrogen supply and control system for generators using hydrogen as the primary coolant, and bearing lubrication systems.
- FIG. 1 For ease of illustration of the various embodiments of the present invention, other parts of the power plant that would work in conjunction with generator 105 are not shown in FIG. 1 .
- the power plant could include, for example, the use of steam turbines, gas turbines, heat recovery steam generators.
- system 100 further includes a generator step-up transformer 120 coupled to generator terminal 115 of generator 105 via a current sensor 130 (e.g., current transformer, Hall Effect sensor, shunt, Rogowski coil, fiber optic current sensor, etc.).
- Generator step-up transformer 120 is configured to adjust the output voltage generated from generator terminal 115 for interconnection with the electrical power distribution network.
- generator step-up transformer 120 raises the voltage provided from generator terminal 115 to a level that is compatible with the electrical power distribution network.
- generator step-up transformer 120 operates on a maximum tap selection over a wide range of operating conditions to provide a high impedance.
- a high impedance generator step-up transformer is a transformer that has increased self reactance not mutually coupled between the windings that can have a range of about 15% to about 35% impedance on the generator volt-ampere base.
- Generator step-up transformer 120 can utilize a no-load tap changer or an on-load tap changer to obtain a maximum tap selection over a wide range of operation conditions.
- a maximum tap selection over a wide range of operation conditions comprises a range of about 1.05 to about 1.20 per unit on the high voltage side of the transformer.
- the use of the maximum tap selection of generator step-up transformer 120 results in an increased turns ratio of the transformer.
- An increased turns ratio enables generator step-up transformer 120 to reduce the fault current contribution on the high voltage side of the transformer.
- the turns ratio of generator step-up transformer 120 is defined as: Vt: V grid* n tap, (1) wherein Vt is the voltage at the output terminal of generator 105 , Vgrid is the nominal voltage supplied to the electrical power distribution network and ntap is an off-nominal tap range defining an open circuit voltage of the electrical power distribution network.
- FIG. 1 shows that system 100 further includes an excitation system 135 that is configured to generate an excitation supply used for generating direct current (DC) power to generator 105 .
- a field excitation supply 140 uses the excitation supply generated by excitation system 135 to inject direct current into field winding 110 of generator 105 .
- injection of the direct current or field excitation current to the field winding of the generator facilitates the generator's ability to generate an output voltage at generator terminal 115 .
- Excitation system 135 may be any commercially available exciter that can provide an excitation supply used for generating DC power.
- excitation system 135 may be an EX2100 excitation system provided by the General Electric Company.
- field excitation supply 140 may be a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) bridge.
- SCR silicon-controlled rectifier
- System 100 further includes an excitation system compensator 140 that is coupled to current sensor 130 and excitation system 135 .
- Excitation system compensator 140 is configured to regulate the field excitation current supplied by excitation system 135 to generator 105 via field excitation supply 140 .
- the regulated field excitation current effectuates a change in the output voltage at generator terminal 115 as a function of the reactive power generated from generator 105 . As explained below, this assists in reducing generator-sourced fault current contribution to the electrical power distribution network.
- excitation system compensator 140 is a separate component apart from excitation system 135 , those skilled in the art will recognize that it can reside as a functionality within excitation system 135 or as part of a controller used to control operation of generator 105 and excitation system 135 .
- a MARK VIe controller provided by the General Electric Company is one example of a controller that can be used to control operation of generator 105 and excitation system 135 , and that could be used to implement the control strategy associated with the compensatory functionalities provided by excitation system compensator 140 .
- excitation system compensator 140 can be implemented in the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements.
- the processing functions performed by excitation system compensator 140 may be implemented in software, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.
- excitation system compensator 140 can take the form of a computer program product accessible from a computer-usable or computer-readable medium providing program code for use by or in connection with a computer or any instruction execution system (e.g., processing units).
- a computer-usable or computer readable medium can be any computer readable medium that can contain or store the program for use by or in connection with the computer or instruction execution system.
- the computer readable medium can be an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus or device).
- Examples of a computer-readable medium include a semiconductor or solid state memory, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magnetic disk and an optical disk.
- Current examples of optical disks include a compact disk-read only memory (CD-ROM), a compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W) and a digital video disc (DVD).
- excitation system compensator 145 is configured to determine a compensation voltage for use by excitation system 135 to regulate the supply of the field excitation current to generator 105 . This effectuates voltage control of generator 105 to reduce generator-sourced fault current contribution to the electrical power distribution network.
- the compensation voltage is derived as a function of the output voltage at generator terminal 115 , current produced by the generator that is measured by current sensor 130 , and a predetermined impedance compensation that is proportional to the sub-transient reactance 125 of generator 105 .
- sub-transient reactance is the inherent impedance associated with generator 105 .
- FIG. 1 shows a processing block for sub-transient reactance 125
- this parameter has already been determined and that its depiction in the FIGURE is to illustrate that there is inherent impedance associated with generator 105 that is subsequently utilized by excitation system compensator 145 .
- the sub-transient reactance of a generator can be used to calculate the flow of short circuit current.
- the fault current is a function of the internal voltage of the connected machines (e.g., generators), the impedance of the machine and the impedance to the point of the fault. Consequently, the internal voltage of the generator and generator impedance determines the current that flows when the terminals of the generator are shorted.
- excitation system 135 uses the compensation voltage Vc to adjust the excitation supply provided to generator 105 via field excitation supply 140 in order to effectuate a change in the output voltage at generator terminal 115 .
- the change in the output voltage effectuated by the combination of the tap selection of generator step-up transformer 120 and the use of excitation system compensator 145 will be a function of the reactive power generated from generator 105 .
- the output voltage at generator terminal 115 will decrease as the reactive power generated from generator 105 increases. This kind of compensation is commonly used to allow parallel generators at the same bus to share VAR loading while maintaining stable voltage control of individual generators to respond automatically to power system demands.
- this compensation allows a single generator to have stable voltage control and minimize internal voltage of the generator to reduce the generator-sourced fault current contribution and open-circuit voltage. Essentially, this allows generator step-up transformer 120 operate on the maximum tap over a wide range of operating conditions, while providing grid friendly voltage control and reactive power support. Furthermore, by determining the compensation in proportion to the sub-transient reactance of generator 105 , system 100 can regulate the voltage at a location that is part-way internal to generator 105 .
- the compensation can reduce an internal voltage of the generator in response to a lagging power factor condition.
- the reduced internal voltage compensates for the maximum tap selection of the generator step-up transformer to reduce generator-sourced fault current contribution to the electrical power distribution network.
- the compensation can boost an internal voltage of the generator in response to a leading power factor condition. In this embodiment, the boosted internal voltage compensates for the maximum tap selection of the generator step-up transformer.
- Boosting internal voltage at a leading power factor condition facilitates an increased critical clearing time of faults generated from an under-excited operation of a generator, which helps with grid code compliance of fault ride-through criteria.
- the combination of the compensation provided by excitation system compensator 145 and the maximum tap selection of generator step-up transformer 120 facilitate reduced generator-sourced fault current contribution at the point of interconnection with the electrical power distribution network, which would be on the high voltage side of the generator step-up transformer that connects with the network.
- the configuration of excitation system compensator 145 and the maximum tap selection of generator step-up transformer 120 enables system 100 to automatically reduce generator-sourced fault current contribution to the electrical power distribution network before occurrence of a fault. If a fault were to occur, the combination of the compensation provided by excitation system compensator 145 and the maximum tap selection of generator step-up transformer 120 would cause system 100 to generate a fault at a lower fault current.
Abstract
Description
Vt: Vgrid*ntap, (1)
wherein Vt is the voltage at the output terminal of
Vc=Vt+Z*Ig, (2)
wherein Vc is the compensation voltage, Vt is the voltage at
Claims (20)
Vc=Vt+Z*Ig,
Vt: Vgrid*ntap, wherein
Vt: Vgrid*ntap, wherein
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13/015,014 US8164312B1 (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2011-01-27 | Reduction in generator-sourced fault current contribution |
JP2012011591A JP5086483B2 (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2012-01-24 | Reduce the contribution of fault current from generators |
GB1201149.0A GB2487654B (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2012-01-24 | Reduction in generator-sourced fault current contribution |
DE102012100659A DE102012100659A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2012-01-26 | Reduction of the fault current contribution coming from the generator |
KR1020120007841A KR101987476B1 (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2012-01-26 | Reduction in generator-sourced fault current contribution |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US13/015,014 US8164312B1 (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2011-01-27 | Reduction in generator-sourced fault current contribution |
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US8164312B1 true US8164312B1 (en) | 2012-04-24 |
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US13/015,014 Active US8164312B1 (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2011-01-27 | Reduction in generator-sourced fault current contribution |
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US (1) | US8164312B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5086483B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101987476B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102012100659A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2487654B (en) |
Cited By (8)
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US20100117605A1 (en) * | 2007-03-24 | 2010-05-13 | Woodward Seg Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method of and apparatus for operating a double-fed asynchronous machine in the event of transient mains voltage changes |
KR101328687B1 (en) * | 2012-07-23 | 2013-11-14 | 한국전력공사 | Apparatus method of limiting overcurrent of synchronous generator |
CN104319788A (en) * | 2014-10-17 | 2015-01-28 | 安徽立卓智能电网科技有限公司 | Reactive power control system and control method for power station |
CN105447630A (en) * | 2015-11-13 | 2016-03-30 | 广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Main transformer displacement strategy making method based on major emergency defect rate |
CN108493924A (en) * | 2018-03-06 | 2018-09-04 | 深圳供电局有限公司 | Power distribution network evaluation of power supply capability method and system, computer storage media and equipment |
CN109066654A (en) * | 2018-08-13 | 2018-12-21 | 深圳供电局有限公司 | Power distribution network net capability appraisal procedure based on mixed integer linear programming |
US20190097557A1 (en) * | 2015-11-18 | 2019-03-28 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for detecting a fault in a generator unit |
US10447040B2 (en) | 2014-10-15 | 2019-10-15 | Cummins Power Generation Ip, Inc. | Programmable inverter for controllable grid response |
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JP2014150598A (en) * | 2013-01-31 | 2014-08-21 | Hitachi Ltd | Electric power conversion system and determination method for bias magnetism of transformer |
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- 2012-01-24 JP JP2012011591A patent/JP5086483B2/en active Active
- 2012-01-26 DE DE102012100659A patent/DE102012100659A1/en active Pending
- 2012-01-26 KR KR1020120007841A patent/KR101987476B1/en active IP Right Grant
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US20190097557A1 (en) * | 2015-11-18 | 2019-03-28 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Method for detecting a fault in a generator unit |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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GB201201149D0 (en) | 2012-03-07 |
KR20120087089A (en) | 2012-08-06 |
JP5086483B2 (en) | 2012-11-28 |
JP2012157237A (en) | 2012-08-16 |
GB2487654B (en) | 2015-06-10 |
DE102012100659A1 (en) | 2012-10-25 |
GB2487654A (en) | 2012-08-01 |
KR101987476B1 (en) | 2019-06-10 |
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