WO2011097693A1 - Method and apparatus for allocating electricity from a distributor - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for allocating electricity from a distributor Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011097693A1
WO2011097693A1 PCT/CA2010/000147 CA2010000147W WO2011097693A1 WO 2011097693 A1 WO2011097693 A1 WO 2011097693A1 CA 2010000147 W CA2010000147 W CA 2010000147W WO 2011097693 A1 WO2011097693 A1 WO 2011097693A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
current
distributor
set forth
instantaneous
variable load
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CA2010/000147
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Mike Schuler
Original Assignee
Mike Schuler
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mike Schuler filed Critical Mike Schuler
Priority to CA2824200A priority Critical patent/CA2824200C/en
Priority to PCT/CA2010/000147 priority patent/WO2011097693A1/en
Publication of WO2011097693A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011097693A1/en

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
    • H02J2310/58The condition being electrical
    • H02J2310/60Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/66The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads one of the loads acting as master and the other or others acting as slaves
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y02B70/3225Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04SSYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/222Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to allocating current from a distributor.
  • the present invention relates to allocating current from a distributor having maximum rated current capacity, among a plurality of load circuits, including a variable load circuit that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation, for example a charging circuit for an electric vehicle batte '.
  • loadshedding is a commonly used method to ensure that the combined loads do not exceed the maximum rated current capacity, typically as established by the main breaker, but more generally established by the lowest capacity component in the main circuit.
  • loadshedding is a commonly used method to ensure that the combined loads do not exceed the maximum rated current capacity, typically as established by the main breaker, but more generally established by the lowest capacity component in the main circuit.
  • branch loads are selective! ⁇ ' disconnected or disabled when this capacity is approached. This method is used on common branch circuits with fixed or stricth' limited variable loads.
  • the aggregate load of all branch circuits reaches the current capacity rating of the main breaker in the distribution panel, selected loads are switched completely off to reduce the total load on the system. There are no intermediary stages of such load-shedding; either a branch is on or it is off.
  • a case in point is opportunity charging for batteries. Batteries can be charged at various rates. When spare capacity exists, there is an opportunity to charge batteries faster. When capacity is limited, charging can be reduced or postponed by shedding a variable amount of the load.
  • the peak charge current demand could be as high as 15,600 A at 4V or about 2600A at 240V. Such demands are unsupportable by typical household main breaker ratings of either 100A or 200 A.
  • the optimum solution is to provide enabling technology that allows the transfer of an ⁇ - excess current capacity of the main breaker circuit to the batten' charger branch circuit. Such an approach allows the installation of a branch circuit with a current earn ing capacity of about 80% that of the main breaker circuit.
  • a current sensor signal would activate restraint of the charging current to some safe value that does not incrementally exceed the rating of the main breaker, while during periods of lower aggregate demand it would allow it to increase to its maximum branch circuit rating.
  • a variable load- shedding arrangement that permits variable current limiting of the high capacity branch circuit for, as the remaining conventional branch circuits draw more or less current as needed.
  • the high capacity variable load circuit varies its current draw to prevent the entire circuit from exceeding the maximum main breaker current, and advantageously, to provide a much higher charging rate as opportunities arise.
  • This invention effectively makes it possible to design branch circuits with much higher current earn ing capacity and to transfer an ⁇ ' unused current capacity in the main circuit to them, within their increased current earning limits. It also provides enabling technology that permits the design of electric vehicle batten' chargers that can avail themselves of this arrangement.
  • the current load in the branch circuit ma ⁇ ' be an electric vehicle battery charger. This invention delivers enabling technology so that the charger is able to control its current demand subject to available current capacity.
  • a method of allocating current from a distributor having a maximum rated current among a plurality of load circuits including a variable load circuit that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation comprising: (a) measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits, (b) limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to: (i) the full load current of the variable load circuit, if the instantaneous current reserv e is greater than zero, and (ii) the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve, if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero.
  • This method of allocating current from a distributor might be applied to a distribution panel or even a distribution transformer.
  • At least one aspect of measuring and limiting might be performed in an analog manner, for example representing respective currents as respective voltages and comparing or summing the respective voltages.
  • At least one aspect of measuring and limiting might be performed in a digital manner, for example representing the respective currents as binary values and operating upon the binary values.
  • Limiting might include issuing a limit signal in response to the measured instantaneous current reserve circuit.
  • the limit signal might be issued to a current limiter coupled to the variable load or to a current limiter integrated with the variable load, perhaps wirelessly.
  • the limit signal might be issued to a current limiter at the head of the variable load circuit or to a current limiter integrated with the distributor at the head of the variable load circuit.
  • the limit signal might be pulse-width variable, perhaps in accordance with the SAE Jl 772 standard.
  • At least one of measuring and limiting might be responsive to a user-input signal, for example a user-input signal generated remote from the distributor.
  • At least one of measuring and limiting might be responsive to a safety signal, for example a safety signal that is fedback from the limit signal.
  • a safety signal for example a safety signal that is fedback from the limit signal.
  • the safer ⁇ ' signal might be compliant with the SAE Jl 772 standard.
  • limiting the current of the variable load circuit could include limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits, for example sharing the instantaneous current reserv e such as by sharing an instantaneous reserve current from the distributor. This end might be accomplished through multiplexing the instantaneous reserve current.
  • Measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor could include measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor in the phase corresponding to the phase of the variable load circuit.
  • measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor might include measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the largest of the instantaneous currents flowing from the distributor in each of the multiple phases supplying the variable load.
  • An apparatus for allocating current from a distributor having a maximum rated current among a plurality of load circuits including a variable load circuit that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation comprising: (a) means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits, (b) means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to: (i) the full load current of the variable load circuit, if the instantaneous current reserv e is greater than zero, and (ii) the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve, if the instantaneous current reserv e is less than or equal to zero.
  • the invention might be applied to various forms of distributor, including for example, a distribution panel and a distribution transformer.
  • At least one aspect of the means for measuring and the means for limiting might function in an analog manner.
  • the means for measuring or the means for limiting might include: respective means for representing the respective currents as respective voltages; and means for comparing or means for summing the respective voltages.
  • the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor could include means for generating a reference voltage; the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits could include means for generating an instantaneous voltage signal in response to the instantaneous current; and the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor could include means for summing the reference voltage and the instantaneous voltage signal.
  • the means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit might include means for generating a second reference voltage and the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit might include means for comparing the instantaneous current reserv e to ground, wherein in response, if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than ground, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit, and, if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to ground, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve.
  • At least one aspect of the means for measuring and the means for limiting might function in a digital manner.
  • the means for measuring and the means for limiting could include: means for representing the respective currents as binary values and means for operating upon the binary values.
  • the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor could include a memory register;
  • the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits could include an analog to digital converter coupled to a current sensor;
  • the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor could includes means for subtracting the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor from the maximum rated current of the distributor.
  • the means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit could include a second memory register and the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit could include means for comparing the instantaneous current reserve to zero, wherein if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than zero, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit whereas if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserv e.
  • the means for limiting might include means for issuing a limit signal in response to the measured instantaneous current reserve circuit.
  • the means for issuing might include means for issuing the limit signal to a current limiter coupled to the variable load or integrated with the variable load, perhaps wirelessly.
  • the means for limiting might include means for issuing the limit signal to a current limiter at the head of the variable load circuit or a current limiter integrated with the distributor at the head of the variable load circuit.
  • the means for issuing the limit signal might include a pulse-width modulator, for example a pulse-width modulator that is operable in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard.
  • At least one of the means for measuring and the means for limiting could be responsive to a user-input signal, including a user-input signal generated remote from the distributor.
  • At least one of the means for measuring and the means for limiting could be responsive to a safety signal, including a safety signal that is fedback from the means for issuing, perhaps as a safety signal in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard.
  • the means for limiting the current of the variable load circuit could include means for limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits.
  • the means for limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits could include means for sharing the instantaneous current reserve by sharing an instantaneous reserve current from the distributor, perhaps applying means for multiplexing the instantaneous reserve current.
  • the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor might include means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor in the phase corresponding to the phase of the variable load circuit.
  • the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor could include means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the largest of the instantaneous currents flowing from the distributor in each of the multiple phases supplying the variable load.
  • One aspect of the invention pertains to an arrangement wherein a current sensor is attached to, connected to or placed in proximity of, a wire or circuit breaker earning a current to be measured in the main circuit of a distribution panel.
  • the output of the current sensor provides a signal that can be either voltage- or current-based and which varies with the current flowing in the main circuit. This signal ma ⁇ ' be described as a measured signal.
  • the measured signal is conditioned to generate a limit signal that provides an electrical load connected to one or more of the branch circuits of distribution panel with a measure of the current available to it at an - point in time.
  • the limit signal can be either a value corresponding to the total electrical current available to the load, or a value corresponding to the incremental electrical current still available, over and above the amount of current being consumed by the load, or a value by which the load's consumption has to be reduced.
  • One aspect of the invention pertains to the sensor being connected to one phase of the main power circuit when the limit signal applies to a single-phase load or charger.
  • Another aspect of the invention pertains to a dual current sensor wherein each of two separate current sensors is attached to, connected to or placed in proximity to one phase or one current-earning section of a distributor in a split-phase main power circuit when the measured signal is destined for a dual-phase load.
  • the dual current sensor provides two separate signals, each behaving as the limit signal for the single-phase case.
  • the measured signals for this arrangement ma ⁇ - be combined or individualized into a set of signals or a single limit signal depending on the current load or batter ⁇ ' charger requirements.
  • Another aspect of this invention provides for a signal-wire routing of the sensor or dual sensor either measured or limit signal that can be used by the load, for example a batten' charger connected to a batten', to sense total available or incrementally available charging current.
  • This routing can either be a dedicated wire or one of the power line cables.
  • signal transport mechanisms such as the household X10 standard ma ⁇ ' be used, assuming properly filtered electrical noise sources in an ⁇ ' of the branch circuits.
  • computer communications standard signaling circuits ma ⁇ ' be used where the limit signal sen s es other purposes as well.
  • Another aspect of this invention provides for an alternate wireless method of transmitting the limit signal or signals from the sensor or the dual sensor to a location suitable for use by the electrical load or charging circuit.
  • a further aspect of this invention provides an optional current sensor that is attached to, connected to or placed in proximity of, the circuit earn ing the current to be measured in the branch circuit that is connected to the electrical load or charger to be controlled.
  • the design, installation and conditioning of this sensor are similar to that of the main circuit current sensor. It ma ⁇ ' be used by itself to enable generic electric loads to implement consumption safety set points where additional receptacles, perhaps mistakenly, share the same branch circuit. Other safety features are mentioned in the various embodiments.
  • Another aspect of this invention provides for a current control method and apparatus external to the circuitry of the current load or charger to be controlled.
  • the method would use the limit signal as gate input to power-control equipment such as insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT); unmodified chargers would derive their current from this equipment without the need for internal modifications, as opposed to controlling current flow within the low-voltage circuitry inside the charger, which is another aspect.
  • IGBT insulated gate bipolar transistors
  • This invention further provides for the modulation of an ⁇ ' of the above limit, conditioned sensor signals with time-of-day parameters.
  • the time-of-day value could either further limit or condition the sensor signals subject to other obligations. This arrangement could also adapt to diurnal fluctuations in the price of electric power.
  • This invention also includes the concept of modifying an ' electrical load or charger circuitry to accept measured current sensor data from the main circuit distributor directly with an - of the above-mentioned means, so that its circuitry can provide its own implementation of the sensor data signal conditioning or limit signal.
  • the signal would be conditioned to act as a loadshedding signal similar to that envisioned by electric utilities and would be an input to the EVSE (electric vehicle service equipment) equipment.
  • the current capacity rating of an electrical power circuit is limited to the lesser of the current earning capacity of its wires and devices and the rating of the circuit breaker connected to the supply.
  • the arrangement of the present invention increases the degrees of freedom available in the installation of these circuits.
  • wire gauge for 80A may be installed where a 40A breaker services the circuit, or a new line is required, but limited to a conservative rating based on normal circuit panel considerations.
  • This invention provides a method and apparatus that measures the electrical current flow in one circuit breaker and makes that data available to a load applied to a different circuit breaker within the same distribution panel. It can be applied to indicate the maximum current supply available to an electric vehicle batten' charger and enables the charger to adjust its current consumption accordingly. In effect the invention implements a form of electrical load shedding, or more precise! ⁇ ', modulated demand balancing.
  • Figure 1 is a functional block diagram of a first embodiment of the present invention, operable to allocate current from a distributor to a single variable load, and including means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor and means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit.
  • Figure 2 is a functional block diagram detailing the means for limiting of Figure 1, including a current limiter.
  • Figures 3a - 3d are functional block diagrams of the variable load circuit of Figure 1, showing various couplings for the current limiter.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a substantially analog implementation of the embodiment of Figure 1.
  • Figure 5 is a block diagram of a substantially digital implementation of the embodiment of Figure 1, the implementation including a microcontroller.
  • Figure 6 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a master-slave configuration adapted for allocating current from a distribution panel to a plurality of variable loads.
  • Figure 7 is a block diagram of a third embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a master-slave configuration adapted for allocating current from a distribution panel to a plurality of variable loads subject to the condition of a distribution transformer feeding the distribution panel.
  • Figure 8 is a block diagram of a fourth embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a master-slave configuration adapted for allocating current from a plurality of distribution panels to a plurality of variable loads subject to the condition of a distribution transformer feeding the distribution panels.
  • Figure 1 shows an apparatus for allocating current 20 from a distributor 22, having a maximum rated current, among a plurality of load circuits 24 including a variable load circuit 24 a that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation.
  • the apparatus 20 includes means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 and means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 28 to the full load current of the variable load circuit 24 a , if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than zero, and the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit 24 a plus the instantaneous current reserv e, if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero.
  • the means for measuring 26 measures the
  • the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 28 includes means for issuing 30 a limit signal in response to the measured instantaneous current reserve and a current limiter 32 operable to limit current in the variable load circuit 24 a in response to the limit signal.
  • the means for issuing 30 ma ⁇ ' include a pulse-width modulator 34, for example one that operates in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard.
  • the means for issuing 30 includes means for wirelessly issuing the limit signal 36.
  • the current limiter 32 might be an ' device that limits current in response to a signal, for example a power transistor.
  • the means for issuing 30 might merely convey the limit signal or might also generate and/or process the limit signal.
  • the means for issuing 30 might be a simple conductor for conducting a signal representing the measured current reserve, or else it might include processing, coupling and/or transmitting components, such as the pulse-width modulator 34 and the means for wirelessly issuing 36.
  • the current limiter 32 ma ⁇ ' be variously: integrated with the distributor 22 at the head of the variable load circuit 24 a , located at the head of the variable load circuit 24 a discrete from the distributor 22, coupled to the variable load 24 a at the tail of the variable load circuit 24 a , or integrated with the variable load 24 a .
  • Figure 4 shows an implementation of the embodiment of Figure 1. wherein the means for measuring 26 and the means for limiting 28 function in a substantially analog manner, for example including means for representing the relevant currents as voltages 38 and means for comparing or summing respective voltages 40.
  • the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor 38 « includes means for generating a reference voltage 42
  • the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits 38 p includes means for generating an instantaneous voltage signal in response to the instantaneous current 44
  • the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 includes means for summing the reference voltage and the instantaneous voltage signal 40 a .
  • the means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit 38 ⁇ includes means for generating a second reference voltage 46 and the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 28 includes means for comparing the instantaneous current reserv e to ground 40 p , wherein in response, if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than ground, the means for limiting 28 is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 24 a to the full load current of the variable load circuit 24 a , and if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to ground, the means for limiting 28 is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 24 a to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit 24 « plus the instantaneous current reserve.
  • a current sensor 52 in this implementation a split- core sensor 52, senses the current flowing through the distributor 22 to the plurality of load circuits 24 and in response generates a current that is converted into a representative DC voltage "F " by the means for generating an instantaneous voltage signal in response to the instantaneous current 44, in this implementation a voltage divider.
  • a first operational amplifier 58 is arranged in a voltage follower configuration as a means for representing the maximum rated current " R " of the distributor 22 as a DC voltage set by a first potentiometer 60.
  • a third operational amplifier 64 is also configured as a voltage follower as a means for representing the maximum rated current " r " of the variable load circuit 24 a as a DC voltage set by a second potentiometer 66.
  • Both these voltages " (F - R) " and “ r " are compared in a fourth operational amplifier 68 to provide a limit signal " f ", which may be defined as:
  • the implementation is effectively calculating maximum permissible current flow " f " to the variable load circuit 24 a . It does this by clamping the low voltage rail in the operational amplifiers 58, 62, 64, 68 to ground, particularly the second operational amplifier 62. This arrangement prevents the value "(F— R)" from becoming negative.
  • the main current flow through the distributor 22 (represented by “F ") includes the branch flow through the variable load circuit 24 a (represented by “ f ").
  • This implementation provides a limit signal that reacts to the step changes in current flow in the distributor 22.
  • Figure 5 shows an implementation of the embodiment of Figure 1.
  • means for measuring 26 and the means for limiting 28 function in a substantially digital manner, for example including means for representing the respective currents as binary values 38 and means for operating upon the binary values 40.
  • the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor 38 a includes a memory register 48 and the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits 38p includes an analog to digital converter 50 coupled to one or more current sensors 52.
  • the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor 26 includes means for subtracting the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor from the maximum rated current of the distributor 40 a .
  • the means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit 38 ⁇ includes a second memory register 54, and the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 28 includes means for comparing the instantaneous current reserve to zero 40 p , such that if the instantaneous current reserv e is greater than zero, the means for limiting 28 is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 24 a to the full load current of the variable load circuit 24 a , but if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero, the means for limiting 28 is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 24 a to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit 24 a plus the instantaneous current reserv e.
  • the apparatus 20 is built around an electronic microcontroller 70 having a processor 71 in communication with a random access memory 72 (RAM 72), an erasable programmable read only memory 74 (EPROM 74), and a plurality of input/output devices 76, including a serial port 78, a plurality of analog read ports 80, the pulse- width modulator 34, and the analog to digital converter 50.
  • RAM 72 random access memory
  • EPROM 74 erasable programmable read only memory
  • input/output devices 76 including a serial port 78, a plurality of analog read ports 80, the pulse- width modulator 34, and the analog to digital converter 50.
  • Two current sensors 52 measure each of the two phases in the AC mains supph' at the distributor 22 and their output is sent to the analog to digital converter 50 for access by the processor 71.
  • User communications are enabled via the serial port 78 and either a remote TTY device 82 or a page server 84 in communication w th a remote brow ser 86.
  • This arrangement allow s capacity rating values for the distributor 22 and the variable load circuit 24 a to be user-adjusted, a process that normally happens once and where the values are recorded in the registers 48, 54 in the EPROM 74.
  • at least one of the means for measuring 26 and the means for limiting 28 is responsive to a user-input signal, including a user- input signal generated remote from the distributor 22.
  • the pulse-width modulator 34 generates a unipolar 5V pulse-width modulated w aveform w hose positive duty cycle is proportional to the amount of current the variable load circuit 24 « ma ⁇ ' draw, as supplied through a charger interface 88.
  • This duty cycle is calculated under program control subject to the values obtained from the current sensors 52 and the capacity rating stored in the EPROM 74 memory registers 48.
  • This limit signal is sent to the charger interface 88 via a signal converter 90, which converts it into a bipolar +/- 12V limit signal.
  • the charger interface 88 is referred to as EVSE (electric vehicle service equipment) according to the SAE J1772 protocol.
  • This embodiment also implements a safer ⁇ ' and control mechanism, wherein the charger interface 88 returns a potentially modified form of the limit signal to a signal splitter 92.
  • the splitter 92 converts the limit signal into two positive pulse- trains so that the ⁇ ' can be measured independent! ⁇ ' by the analog read ports 80 in the
  • microcontroller 70 as positive voltage levels; if these levels fall within pre-programmed limits, batteiy charging can proceed.
  • a safety signal including a safety signal that is fedback from the means for issuing 30, for example a safety signal in accordance with the SAE Jl 772 standard.
  • the microcontroller 70 is programmed to perform the following actions. First it determines if the capacity rating values have been set and are valid by reading the onboard EPROM 74. Once proper values have been entered and stored, the PWM generator 34 generates a limit signal of arbitrary duty cycle.
  • the processor 71 then reads the return values delivered by the signal splitter 92 to the analog read ports 80. If the stream corresponding to the negative pulses is less than 12V, the processor 71 simply keeps checking regardless of an ⁇ ' other conditions. If the positive pulse is about 12V, again the processor 71 simply keeps checking regardless of any other conditions. Once the positive stream drops to at most 9V, the processor 71 tests the inputs of the current sensors 52 and makes the limit signal active by setting its duty cycle accordingly, while continuing to check for changes in the value of the return streams as above. [0094] If the positive return stream is between 3V and 6V, the processor
  • 71 ma ⁇ ' also engages a primary relay [not shown] in the charger interface 88 that serves to indicate to the EVSE that charging current ma ⁇ ' flow. If the positive stream returns to 12V, the relay [not shown] is disengaged and the limit signal returns to its nominal testing value.
  • the processor 71 accepts no remote user input through the TTY device 82 or the page server 84; however, a user ma ⁇ ' set or modify the values of the capacity ratings locally; i.e. it is necessary for a user to demonstrate that he is actually at the equipment site, not somewhere remote, for example by throwing a mechanical switch on the hardware board.
  • the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor 26 includes means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 as the maximum rated current of the distributor 22 less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor 22 in the phase corresponding to the phase of the variable load circuit 24 a .
  • the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 could include means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 as the maximum rated current of the distributor 22 less the largest of the instantaneous currents flowing from the distributor 22 in each of the multiple phases supplying the variable load 24 a .
  • Safety standards for such EV charger circuits call for dedicated wiring.
  • an additional current sensor 52 (not shown) could be added to the charger circuit itself. Its reading when converted to current units would then be an accurate measure of the actual current flowing in that circuit and it is this value that would be used in processor 71 calculations. Specifically, at each iteration the allowed charger current as calculated above is adjusted by the difference between its prior value and the actual current flow "ib ", since "ib " now ma ⁇ ' include extraneous current flows.
  • Figure 6 shows a second embodiment of the apparatus 20, which ma ' be viewed as an extension of the implementation of the first embodiment implementation shown in Figure 5.
  • the second embodiment of the apparatus 20 introduces certain cost saving measures when multiple variable loads 24 a are connected to the same distributor 22, in this case a distribution panel 22 a .
  • the apparatus 20 includes both a master microcontroller module
  • the slave module 70p is similar to the basic elements of the first embodiment, but without user interface components. There is one such slave module 70 p for each variable load circuit 24 a such that there exists means for limiting 28 the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits 24 a .
  • the page server 84 is modified to allow user settings of capacity rating for each of the variable load circuits 24 a individually, as well as for the distributor 22 as a whole.
  • the master module 70 a and each of the slave modules 70 p each include a communications unit 93 for communicating among themselves and which in aggregate form a multiplexor 94, in this embodiment a wireless one, so as to provide means for sharing the instantaneous current reserve ⁇ in other words an instantaneous reserve current from the distributor 22 ⁇ in this case by multiplexing the instantaneous reserve current.
  • Some of the functions of the master module 70 a are to read current levels from the sensors 52, to ensure that all user capacity settings are accounted for and are valid, to receive data from the microcontroller modules 70 and to monitor active slave modules 70p.
  • the master module 70 « informs each slave module 70p about the value " r " of its capacity rating and calculates the applicable current values for each slave module 70 p and informs the respective slave module 70 p .
  • N active variable load circuits 24 a , call the current flowing in the distributor 22 " I " and let its capacity rating be " R ". Instruct each respective
  • each respective slave module 70 p receives the above calculated value " (R - I)
  • This second embodiment also takes care of the unlikely situation that chargers are connected to variable load circuits 24 a of different ratings.
  • the wireless multiplexer can be replaced with a hard-wired multiplexer chip that uses the SPI port-select capabilities of the microcontroller 70, where wiring distances and topologies allow.
  • Figure 7 shows a third embodiment of the apparatus 20, which ma ' be seen as extending concepts of the second embodiment to include current sensing using a sensor 52 applied to a distributor 22 in the form of a distribution transformer 22 p servicing a distribution panel 22 a which supplies load circuits 24, including at least one variable load circuit 24 a .
  • these transformers 22 p already include fault protection, the reason for this sensor 52 is improved safety and allocation: distribution transformers 22 p typically have a rating which is less than the aggregate rating of the distribution panels 22 a that the ⁇ ' supply.
  • the third embodiment of the apparatus 20 again comprises a master microcontroller module 70 a and one or more slave microcontroller modules 70 p .
  • the function of the master module 70 a is to cam' out all the current sensing and to inform the slave modules 70 p of its calculations.
  • the programming of this unit is therefore almost identical to that described in the second embodiment, except that it on ' differs in the calculations it performs.
  • N active variable load circuits 24 a
  • RX capacity rating
  • Figure 8 shows a fourth embodiment of the apparatus 20, which ma ⁇ - be seen as leveraging common aspects of prior embodiments while extending concepts to include configurations with multiple distributors 22, for example multiple distribution panels 22 a , and multiple variable load circuits 24 a serviced by a common distribution transformer 22 p .
  • the apparatus 20 comprises a master microcontroller module 70 a , at least one intermediate microcontroller module 70 ⁇ , and at least one slave microcontroller module 70 p .
  • Each intermediate module 70 ⁇ is associated with a respective distribution panel 22 a while each slave module 70 p is associated with a respective variable load circuit 24 a .
  • a slave module 70 p ma ' be substantially similar to the slave modules 70 p of the third embodiment.
  • Each of the respective modules 70 has a communication unit 93 through which it ma ⁇ ' communicate with other modules 70.
  • the master module 70 a is in communication with a transformer 22 p current sensor 52.
  • the function of the master module 70 a is to cam' out the current sensing on the distribution transformer 22 p using a dual sensor 52 and to inform the intermediate modules 70 ⁇ of the instantaneous current readings. It also requires a page server 84 accessible through browser 86 to cam' out user settings of circuit parameters for the transformer 22 p , the distribution panels 22 a , and the variable load circuits 24 a .
  • the user settings in this embodiment also include a map of communications addresses that reflect the links in the hierarchy. This ensures that communications are maintained only between appropriate pairs of nodes in the network. A portion of this communications map is sent to each intermediate module 70 y .
  • the intermediate modules 70 ⁇ cam' out distribution panel 22 a current sensing via sensors 52.
  • the ⁇ ' use that data together with the instantaneous transformer 22 p current communicated to them to calculate the available current for the respective slave modules 70 p the ⁇ ' are responsible for.
  • Each distribution panel 22 a supplies one or more variable load circuits 24 a and thus each intermediate module 70 ⁇ is associated with one or more respective slave modules 70 p .
  • each respective slave module 70 p It is the responsibility of each respective slave module 70 p to notify its respective intermediate module 70 ⁇ that it is active so that the intermediate module 70 ⁇ can determine of the number of active variable load circuits 24 «. Similarly, it is the responsibility of each intermediate module 70 ⁇ to pass back its calculated values to the master module 70 a .
  • These are bottom-up messages that are serviced periodically. All other messages are top-down. All messages use a header to indicate the message type and a value corresponding to that type in the message bod ⁇ -; the messages use a termination character to allow processing variable length messages.
  • the master module 70 a current computations are as follows. For a total of
  • the master module 70 a can therefore instruct each intermediate module 70 ⁇ having "n " respective active variable load circuits 24 a that its allocation of the transformer 22p current reserv e is
  • each respective intermediate module 70 ⁇ calculates its allocation per variable load circuit 24 a "F " in terms of the instantaneous current " I " measured passing through the distribution panel 22 a , the rating capacity "R” of the distribution panel 22 a and the number “n “ of active variable load circuits 24 a being supplied by the distribution panel 22 a .
  • the intermediate module 70 ⁇ adds "
  • Each slave module 70p operates substantially similarly to the slave modules 70p of the third embodiment.
  • a virtual capacity rating is a concept that allows the remote control of the capacity rating values stored in the registers 48, 54 of a microcontroller 70, as long as the remotely controlled values don't violate the settings introduced using the safety measures mentioned previously. It is another method of modulating the charger load, combining demand control and supply control simultaneously.
  • This feature depends on each microcontroller 70 having a unique hardware address. A guaranteed method to implement this relies on the use of the page server 84 MAC address.
  • the MAC address can be used directly, or it can be an index into a database that points to the real address, whatever that ma ⁇ - be. In the absence of access to the MAC address, a unique address would have to be assigned to each page server 84 and/or microcontroller 70.
  • a responsible authority such as the electric utility can be given access to each unique address to set the virtual capacity rating(s) depending on resource availability or based on policy.
  • the control software and the microcontroller 70 can be modified to provide the desired match.
  • a remote supervisor ⁇ ' virtual capacity rating control command to a particular variable load circuit 24 a can be translated by the microcontrollers 70 in a hierarchy and routed within the local network composed of nodes as described in the previous embodiments.
  • Such a demand response message would incorporate not just the MAC address, but also a node identifier.
  • the page server 84 must also be modified to be receptive to input at all times, particularly during the active pulse-width modulator 34 phase.
  • virtual capacity ratings w ould override real capacity ratings in all calculations presented in previous embodiments through.
  • Electrical current sensors 52 might be magnetically coupled to the wires feeding circuit breakers, but the ⁇ ' could also be electrically connected, or the signal could be derived from a power sensor 52 that provides (directh' or indirecth ) current flow values, or from an ⁇ ' part of the breaker or distribution panel 22 a or more generalh' distributor 22 that provides this data.

Abstract

The present invention provides a method and apparatus for allocating current (20) from a distributor (22), having a maximum rated current, among a plurality of load circuits (24), including a variable load circuit (24α) that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation. The invention provides for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor (22) as the maximum rated current of the distributor (22) less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor (22) to the plurality of load circuits (24), and limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit (24α) to the full load current of the variable load circuit (24α), if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than zero, and the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit (24α) plus the instantaneous current reserve, if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ALLOCATING ELECTRICITY FROM A DISTRIBUTOR
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
[0001] The present invention relates to allocating current from a distributor.
More particularh', the present invention relates to allocating current from a distributor having maximum rated current capacity, among a plurality of load circuits, including a variable load circuit that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation, for example a charging circuit for an electric vehicle batte '.
2. Description of the Related Art
[0002] Electrical distributors, for example distribution panels, are conventionally designed such that the aggregate current earn ing capacity of all branch circuits is significantly higher than that of the main circuit breaker. In other words, the design assumes that not all branch circuits will supply loads ~ let alone full loads ~ simultaneously. Each branch breaker is limited to relativeh' small load capacities, a standard which is derived from statistical anah sis of standard consumption patterns. Also worth noting is that the main panel breaker circuit is often characterized by periods of electrical current demand well below its maximum capacity.
[0003] When demand for current exceeds the capacity of the distributor, loadshedding is a commonly used method to ensure that the combined loads do not exceed the maximum rated current capacity, typically as established by the main breaker, but more generally established by the lowest capacity component in the main circuit. Through shedding, branch loads are selective!}' disconnected or disabled when this capacity is approached. This method is used on common branch circuits with fixed or stricth' limited variable loads. When the aggregate load of all branch circuits reaches the current capacity rating of the main breaker in the distribution panel, selected loads are switched completely off to reduce the total load on the system. There are no intermediary stages of such load-shedding; either a branch is on or it is off.
[0004] This arrangement is sufficient where the contemplated current load on each branch circuit is either fixed or varies within relatively narrow prescribed limits. However, when the current load in a branch circuit is highly variable, and might even rise above the capacity of the main breaker itself, a more flexible, robust and effective solution is necessary and provides the motivation for this invention.
[0005] A case in point is opportunity charging for batteries. Batteries can be charged at various rates. When spare capacity exists, there is an opportunity to charge batteries faster. When capacity is limited, charging can be reduced or postponed by shedding a variable amount of the load.
[0006] It is common for battery chargers to employ current-control circuitry, but this circuitry is limited to battery -state sensing in order to maximize battery life and prevent damage, not to the sensing of available supply current. By enabling the charger to maximize the charge rate of sensitive batteries, the danger of the battery undergoing excessive deep-discharge cycles is minimized and batten' life thereby extended.
[0007] As battery-powered electric vehicles become more common, better opportunity charging arrangements will be needed to enable smaller household circuits, with their limited current capacity, to efficiently and effectively recharge vehicle batteries. Such arrangements would make larger charging currents available on demand ~ when capacity is available ~ in order to reduce the time it takes to charge a batten' bank. As other demands are placed on the distributor, the battery charging load can be partially or completely shed.
[0008] Such opportunity charging arrangements w ould allow the use of a charger branch circuit with much higher current ratings than would normally be available. There are man}- examples of current sensor technology applied to the measurement, display and shedding of current loads in both household and industrial settings, but none appear to apply the signals thus derived to the variable control of specific current loads in those environments.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION AND ADVANTAGES
[0009] In a large-scale electric vehicle batten' employing 6000 Li-Ion cells where the maximum charge current per cell can be 2.6A, the peak charge current demand could be as high as 15,600 A at 4V or about 2600A at 240V. Such demands are unsupportable by typical household main breaker ratings of either 100A or 200 A. The optimum solution is to provide enabling technology that allows the transfer of an}- excess current capacity of the main breaker circuit to the batten' charger branch circuit. Such an approach allows the installation of a branch circuit with a current earn ing capacity of about 80% that of the main breaker circuit. During peak current demand times a current sensor signal would activate restraint of the charging current to some safe value that does not incrementally exceed the rating of the main breaker, while during periods of lower aggregate demand it would allow it to increase to its maximum branch circuit rating.
[0010] What is needed is a charging arrangement that can supply a variable load of a much higher current capacity rating than conventional branch circuits. A variable load- shedding arrangement that permits variable current limiting of the high capacity branch circuit for, as the remaining conventional branch circuits draw more or less current as needed. As the current draw varies on the conventional branch circuits, the high capacity variable load circuit varies its current draw to prevent the entire circuit from exceeding the maximum main breaker current, and advantageously, to provide a much higher charging rate as opportunities arise.
[0011] This invention effectively makes it possible to design branch circuits with much higher current earn ing capacity and to transfer an}' unused current capacity in the main circuit to them, within their increased current earning limits. It also provides enabling technology that permits the design of electric vehicle batten' chargers that can avail themselves of this arrangement. The current load in the branch circuit ma}' be an electric vehicle battery charger. This invention delivers enabling technology so that the charger is able to control its current demand subject to available current capacity.
[0012] According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of allocating current from a distributor having a maximum rated current among a plurality of load circuits including a variable load circuit that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation, comprising: (a) measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits, (b) limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to: (i) the full load current of the variable load circuit, if the instantaneous current reserv e is greater than zero, and (ii) the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve, if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero.
[0013] This method of allocating current from a distributor might be applied to a distribution panel or even a distribution transformer.
[0014] In some cases, at least one aspect of measuring and limiting might be performed in an analog manner, for example representing respective currents as respective voltages and comparing or summing the respective voltages.
[0015] More particularly, this could be accomplished by representing the maximum rated current of the distributor by setting a reference voltage, representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits by generating an instantaneous voltage signal in response to the instantaneous current, and measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor by summing the reference voltage and the instantaneous voltage signal. [0016] Furthermore, one might represent the full load current of the variable load circuit by setting a second reference voltage, and limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit by first comparing the instantaneous current reserve to ground and then, if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than ground, limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit, and if the instantaneous current reserv e is less than ground or equal to, limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve.
[0017] In some cases, at least one aspect of measuring and limiting might be performed in a digital manner, for example representing the respective currents as binary values and operating upon the binary values.
[0018] More particularly, this could be accomplished by representing the maximum rated current of the distributor by setting a memory register, representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits as the output of an analog to digital converter coupled to a current sensor, and measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor by subtracting the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor from the maximum rated current of the distributor.
[0019] Furthermore, one might represent the full load current of the variable load circuit by setting a memory register and limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit by comparing the instantaneous current reserve to zero, and if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than, limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit whereas if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero, limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve.
[0020] Limiting might include issuing a limit signal in response to the measured instantaneous current reserve circuit. The limit signal might be issued to a current limiter coupled to the variable load or to a current limiter integrated with the variable load, perhaps wirelessly. The limit signal might be issued to a current limiter at the head of the variable load circuit or to a current limiter integrated with the distributor at the head of the variable load circuit. The limit signal might be pulse-width variable, perhaps in accordance with the SAE Jl 772 standard.
[0021] At least one of measuring and limiting might be responsive to a user-input signal, for example a user-input signal generated remote from the distributor.
[0022] At least one of measuring and limiting might be responsive to a safety signal, for example a safety signal that is fedback from the limit signal. The safer}' signal might be compliant with the SAE Jl 772 standard.
[0023] By extension, limiting the current of the variable load circuit could include limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits, for example sharing the instantaneous current reserv e such as by sharing an instantaneous reserve current from the distributor. This end might be accomplished through multiplexing the instantaneous reserve current.
[0024] Measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor could include measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor in the phase corresponding to the phase of the variable load circuit.
[0025] In cases where the distributor is configured for at least one of split-phase and multi-phase supply and the variable load circuit is configured as a multi-phase load, measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor might include measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the largest of the instantaneous currents flowing from the distributor in each of the multiple phases supplying the variable load. [0026] An apparatus for allocating current from a distributor having a maximum rated current among a plurality of load circuits including a variable load circuit that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation, comprising: (a) means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits, (b) means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to: (i) the full load current of the variable load circuit, if the instantaneous current reserv e is greater than zero, and (ii) the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve, if the instantaneous current reserv e is less than or equal to zero.
[0027] The invention might be applied to various forms of distributor, including for example, a distribution panel and a distribution transformer.
[0028] In some cases, at least one aspect of the means for measuring and the means for limiting might function in an analog manner.
[0029] More particularly, the means for measuring or the means for limiting might include: respective means for representing the respective currents as respective voltages; and means for comparing or means for summing the respective voltages.
[0030] Furthermore, the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor could include means for generating a reference voltage; the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits could include means for generating an instantaneous voltage signal in response to the instantaneous current; and the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor could include means for summing the reference voltage and the instantaneous voltage signal.
[0031] In this way, the means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit might include means for generating a second reference voltage and the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit might include means for comparing the instantaneous current reserv e to ground, wherein in response, if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than ground, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit, and, if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to ground, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve.
[0032] In some cases, at least one aspect of the means for measuring and the means for limiting might function in a digital manner.
[0033] More particularly, the means for measuring and the means for limiting could include: means for representing the respective currents as binary values and means for operating upon the binary values. Thus, the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor could include a memory register; the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits could include an analog to digital converter coupled to a current sensor; and the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor could includes means for subtracting the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor from the maximum rated current of the distributor.
[0034] Furthermore, the means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit could include a second memory register and the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit could include means for comparing the instantaneous current reserve to zero, wherein if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than zero, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit whereas if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserv e.
[0035] The means for limiting might include means for issuing a limit signal in response to the measured instantaneous current reserve circuit. The means for issuing might include means for issuing the limit signal to a current limiter coupled to the variable load or integrated with the variable load, perhaps wirelessly. The means for limiting might include means for issuing the limit signal to a current limiter at the head of the variable load circuit or a current limiter integrated with the distributor at the head of the variable load circuit.
[0036] The means for issuing the limit signal might include a pulse-width modulator, for example a pulse-width modulator that is operable in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard.
[0037] At least one of the means for measuring and the means for limiting could be responsive to a user-input signal, including a user-input signal generated remote from the distributor.
[0038] Similarly, at least one of the means for measuring and the means for limiting could be responsive to a safety signal, including a safety signal that is fedback from the means for issuing, perhaps as a safety signal in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard.
[0039] By extension, the means for limiting the current of the variable load circuit could include means for limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits. In this way, the means for limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits could include means for sharing the instantaneous current reserve by sharing an instantaneous reserve current from the distributor, perhaps applying means for multiplexing the instantaneous reserve current.
[0040] In some cases, the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor might include means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor in the phase corresponding to the phase of the variable load circuit.
[0041] In some cases where the distributor is configured for at least one of split- phase and multi-phase supply and the variable load circuit is configured as a multi-phase load, the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor could include means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the largest of the instantaneous currents flowing from the distributor in each of the multiple phases supplying the variable load.
[0042] One aspect of the invention pertains to an arrangement wherein a current sensor is attached to, connected to or placed in proximity of, a wire or circuit breaker earning a current to be measured in the main circuit of a distribution panel. The output of the current sensor provides a signal that can be either voltage- or current-based and which varies with the current flowing in the main circuit. This signal ma}' be described as a measured signal.
[0043] The measured signal is conditioned to generate a limit signal that provides an electrical load connected to one or more of the branch circuits of distribution panel with a measure of the current available to it at an - point in time.
[0044] The limit signal can be either a value corresponding to the total electrical current available to the load, or a value corresponding to the incremental electrical current still available, over and above the amount of current being consumed by the load, or a value by which the load's consumption has to be reduced.
[0045] One aspect of the invention pertains to the sensor being connected to one phase of the main power circuit when the limit signal applies to a single-phase load or charger.
[0046] Another aspect of the invention pertains to a dual current sensor wherein each of two separate current sensors is attached to, connected to or placed in proximity to one phase or one current-earning section of a distributor in a split-phase main power circuit when the measured signal is destined for a dual-phase load. The dual current sensor provides two separate signals, each behaving as the limit signal for the single-phase case. In the case of multiphase circuits there ma ' be additional sensors as needed. The measured signals for this arrangement ma}- be combined or individualized into a set of signals or a single limit signal depending on the current load or batter}' charger requirements. [0047] Another aspect of this invention provides for a signal-wire routing of the sensor or dual sensor either measured or limit signal that can be used by the load, for example a batten' charger connected to a batten', to sense total available or incrementally available charging current. This routing can either be a dedicated wire or one of the power line cables. In the latter case signal transport mechanisms such as the household X10 standard ma}' be used, assuming properly filtered electrical noise sources in an}' of the branch circuits. Alternatively, computer communications standard signaling circuits ma}' be used where the limit signal senses other purposes as well.
[0048] Another aspect of this invention provides for an alternate wireless method of transmitting the limit signal or signals from the sensor or the dual sensor to a location suitable for use by the electrical load or charging circuit.
[0049] A further aspect of this invention provides an optional current sensor that is attached to, connected to or placed in proximity of, the circuit earn ing the current to be measured in the branch circuit that is connected to the electrical load or charger to be controlled. The design, installation and conditioning of this sensor are similar to that of the main circuit current sensor. It ma}' be used by itself to enable generic electric loads to implement consumption safety set points where additional receptacles, perhaps mistakenly, share the same branch circuit. Other safety features are mentioned in the various embodiments.
[0050] Another aspect of this invention provides for a current control method and apparatus external to the circuitry of the current load or charger to be controlled. The method would use the limit signal as gate input to power-control equipment such as insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT); unmodified chargers would derive their current from this equipment without the need for internal modifications, as opposed to controlling current flow within the low-voltage circuitry inside the charger, which is another aspect.
[0051] This invention further provides for the modulation of an}' of the above limit, conditioned sensor signals with time-of-day parameters. The time-of-day value could either further limit or condition the sensor signals subject to other obligations. This arrangement could also adapt to diurnal fluctuations in the price of electric power.
[0052] This invention also includes the concept of modifying an ' electrical load or charger circuitry to accept measured current sensor data from the main circuit distributor directly with an - of the above-mentioned means, so that its circuitry can provide its own implementation of the sensor data signal conditioning or limit signal. In view of current work by the SAE on new standards for electric vehicles, the signal would be conditioned to act as a loadshedding signal similar to that envisioned by electric utilities and would be an input to the EVSE (electric vehicle service equipment) equipment.
[0053] The current capacity rating of an electrical power circuit is limited to the lesser of the current earning capacity of its wires and devices and the rating of the circuit breaker connected to the supply. The arrangement of the present invention increases the degrees of freedom available in the installation of these circuits. For example, wire gauge for 80A may be installed where a 40A breaker services the circuit, or a new line is required, but limited to a conservative rating based on normal circuit panel considerations. Sometimes it can also be much more cost-effective to extend an existing heavy-duty circuit to a new location and use sub-panels to service existing equipment on it.
[0054] This invention provides a method and apparatus that measures the electrical current flow in one circuit breaker and makes that data available to a load applied to a different circuit breaker within the same distribution panel. It can be applied to indicate the maximum current supply available to an electric vehicle batten' charger and enables the charger to adjust its current consumption accordingly. In effect the invention implements a form of electrical load shedding, or more precise!}', modulated demand balancing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TH E DRAWINGS
[0055] Other advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated, as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
[0056] Figure 1 is a functional block diagram of a first embodiment of the present invention, operable to allocate current from a distributor to a single variable load, and including means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor and means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit.
[0057] Figure 2 is a functional block diagram detailing the means for limiting of Figure 1, including a current limiter.
[0058] Figures 3a - 3d are functional block diagrams of the variable load circuit of Figure 1, showing various couplings for the current limiter.
[0059] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a substantially analog implementation of the embodiment of Figure 1.
[0060] Figure 5 is a block diagram of a substantially digital implementation of the embodiment of Figure 1, the implementation including a microcontroller.
[0061] Figure 6 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a master-slave configuration adapted for allocating current from a distribution panel to a plurality of variable loads.
[0062] Figure 7 is a block diagram of a third embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a master-slave configuration adapted for allocating current from a distribution panel to a plurality of variable loads subject to the condition of a distribution transformer feeding the distribution panel.
[0063] Figure 8 is a block diagram of a fourth embodiment of the present invention, illustrating a master-slave configuration adapted for allocating current from a plurality of distribution panels to a plurality of variable loads subject to the condition of a distribution transformer feeding the distribution panels.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
First Embodiment
[0064] Referring to the Figures, wherein like numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views, Figure 1 shows an apparatus for allocating current 20 from a distributor 22, having a maximum rated current, among a plurality of load circuits 24 including a variable load circuit 24a that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation.
[0065] The apparatus 20 includes means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 and means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 28 to the full load current of the variable load circuit 24a, if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than zero, and the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit 24a plus the instantaneous current reserv e, if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero.
[0066] In this embodiment, the means for measuring 26 measures the
instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 22 as the maximum rated current of the distributor 22 less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor 22 to the plurality of load circuits 24. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention could be applied to measuring and limiting other capacities and combinations of capacities than an illustrated in this specific example.
[0067] As detailed in Figure 2, the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 28 includes means for issuing 30 a limit signal in response to the measured instantaneous current reserve and a current limiter 32 operable to limit current in the variable load circuit 24a in response to the limit signal. [0068] The means for issuing 30 ma}' include a pulse-width modulator 34, for example one that operates in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard. In the embodiment illustrated, the means for issuing 30 includes means for wirelessly issuing the limit signal 36.
[0069] The current limiter 32 might be an ' device that limits current in response to a signal, for example a power transistor.
[0070] Those skilled in the art will recognize that the means for issuing 30 might merely convey the limit signal or might also generate and/or process the limit signal. To this end, the means for issuing 30 might be a simple conductor for conducting a signal representing the measured current reserve, or else it might include processing, coupling and/or transmitting components, such as the pulse-width modulator 34 and the means for wirelessly issuing 36.
[0071] Those skilled in the art will also recognize that the means for issuing 30 and the current limiter 32 might be combined.
[0072] As shown in Figure 3. the current limiter 32 ma}' be variously: integrated with the distributor 22 at the head of the variable load circuit 24a, located at the head of the variable load circuit 24a discrete from the distributor 22, coupled to the variable load 24a at the tail of the variable load circuit 24a, or integrated with the variable load 24a.
First Embodiment ~ Substantially Analog Implementation
[0073] Figure 4 shows an implementation of the embodiment of Figure 1. wherein the means for measuring 26 and the means for limiting 28 function in a substantially analog manner, for example including means for representing the relevant currents as voltages 38 and means for comparing or summing respective voltages 40.
[0074] More particularly in this implementation, the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor 38« includes means for generating a reference voltage 42, the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits 38p includes means for generating an instantaneous voltage signal in response to the instantaneous current 44, and the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 includes means for summing the reference voltage and the instantaneous voltage signal 40a.
[0075] The means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit 38γ includes means for generating a second reference voltage 46 and the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 28 includes means for comparing the instantaneous current reserv e to ground 40p, wherein in response, if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than ground, the means for limiting 28 is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 24a to the full load current of the variable load circuit 24a, and if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to ground, the means for limiting 28 is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 24a to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit 24« plus the instantaneous current reserve.
[0076] In still greater detail, a current sensor 52, in this implementation a split- core sensor 52, senses the current flowing through the distributor 22 to the plurality of load circuits 24 and in response generates a current that is converted into a representative DC voltage "F " by the means for generating an instantaneous voltage signal in response to the instantaneous current 44, in this implementation a voltage divider.
[0077] A first operational amplifier 58 is arranged in a voltage follower configuration as a means for representing the maximum rated current " R " of the distributor 22 as a DC voltage set by a first potentiometer 60.
[0078] Both these voltages " F " and " R " are compared in a second operational amplifier 62 to provide a measure of the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 22
"(F-R)".
[0079] A third operational amplifier 64 is also configured as a voltage follower as a means for representing the maximum rated current " r " of the variable load circuit 24a as a DC voltage set by a second potentiometer 66. [0080] Both these voltages " (F - R) " and " r " are compared in a fourth operational amplifier 68 to provide a limit signal " f ", which may be defined as:
Figure imgf000018_0001
[0082] The implementation is effectively calculating maximum permissible current flow " f " to the variable load circuit 24a. It does this by clamping the low voltage rail in the operational amplifiers 58, 62, 64, 68 to ground, particularly the second operational amplifier 62. This arrangement prevents the value "(F— R)" from becoming negative. The main current flow through the distributor 22 (represented by "F ") includes the branch flow through the variable load circuit 24a (represented by " f "). This implementation provides a limit signal that reacts to the step changes in current flow in the distributor 22.
First Embodiment ~ Substantial! Digital Implementation
[0083] Figure 5 shows an implementation of the embodiment of Figure 1.
wherein the means for measuring 26 and the means for limiting 28 function in a substantially digital manner, for example including means for representing the respective currents as binary values 38 and means for operating upon the binary values 40.
[0084] More particularly, in this implementation the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor 38a includes a memory register 48 and the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits 38p includes an analog to digital converter 50 coupled to one or more current sensors 52.
[0085] The means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor 26 includes means for subtracting the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor from the maximum rated current of the distributor 40a. [0086] The means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit 38γ includes a second memory register 54, and the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 28 includes means for comparing the instantaneous current reserve to zero 40p, such that if the instantaneous current reserv e is greater than zero, the means for limiting 28 is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 24a to the full load current of the variable load circuit 24a, but if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero, the means for limiting 28 is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit 24a to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit 24a plus the instantaneous current reserv e.
[0087] In still greater detail, the apparatus 20 is built around an electronic microcontroller 70 having a processor 71 in communication with a random access memory 72 (RAM 72), an erasable programmable read only memory 74 (EPROM 74), and a plurality of input/output devices 76, including a serial port 78, a plurality of analog read ports 80, the pulse- width modulator 34, and the analog to digital converter 50.
[0088] Two current sensors 52 measure each of the two phases in the AC mains supph' at the distributor 22 and their output is sent to the analog to digital converter 50 for access by the processor 71.
[0089] User communications are enabled via the serial port 78 and either a remote TTY device 82 or a page server 84 in communication w th a remote brow ser 86. This arrangement allow s capacity rating values for the distributor 22 and the variable load circuit 24a to be user-adjusted, a process that normally happens once and where the values are recorded in the registers 48, 54 in the EPROM 74. Thus it will be seen that at least one of the means for measuring 26 and the means for limiting 28 is responsive to a user-input signal, including a user- input signal generated remote from the distributor 22.
[0090] The pulse-width modulator 34 generates a unipolar 5V pulse-width modulated w aveform w hose positive duty cycle is proportional to the amount of current the variable load circuit 24« ma}' draw, as supplied through a charger interface 88. This duty cycle is calculated under program control subject to the values obtained from the current sensors 52 and the capacity rating stored in the EPROM 74 memory registers 48. This limit signal is sent to the charger interface 88 via a signal converter 90, which converts it into a bipolar +/- 12V limit signal. In some implementations, the charger interface 88 is referred to as EVSE (electric vehicle service equipment) according to the SAE J1772 protocol.
[0091] This embodiment also implements a safer}' and control mechanism, wherein the charger interface 88 returns a potentially modified form of the limit signal to a signal splitter 92. The splitter 92 converts the limit signal into two positive pulse- trains so that the}' can be measured independent!}' by the analog read ports 80 in the
microcontroller 70 as positive voltage levels; if these levels fall within pre-programmed limits, batteiy charging can proceed. Thus it will be seen that at least one of the means for measuring 26 and the means for limiting 28 is responsive to a safety signal, including a safety signal that is fedback from the means for issuing 30, for example a safety signal in accordance with the SAE Jl 772 standard.
[0092] In order to carry out the above actions, the microcontroller 70 is programmed to perform the following actions. First it determines if the capacity rating values have been set and are valid by reading the onboard EPROM 74. Once proper values have been entered and stored, the PWM generator 34 generates a limit signal of arbitrary duty cycle.
[0093] The processor 71 then reads the return values delivered by the signal splitter 92 to the analog read ports 80. If the stream corresponding to the negative pulses is less than 12V, the processor 71 simply keeps checking regardless of an}' other conditions. If the positive pulse is about 12V, again the processor 71 simply keeps checking regardless of any other conditions. Once the positive stream drops to at most 9V, the processor 71 tests the inputs of the current sensors 52 and makes the limit signal active by setting its duty cycle accordingly, while continuing to check for changes in the value of the return streams as above. [0094] If the positive return stream is between 3V and 6V, the processor
71 ma}' also engages a primary relay [not shown] in the charger interface 88 that serves to indicate to the EVSE that charging current ma}' flow. If the positive stream returns to 12V, the relay [not shown] is disengaged and the limit signal returns to its nominal testing value.
[0095] While the limit signal is active, the processor 71 accepts no remote user input through the TTY device 82 or the page server 84; however, a user ma}' set or modify the values of the capacity ratings locally; i.e. it is necessary for a user to demonstrate that he is actually at the equipment site, not somewhere remote, for example by throwing a mechanical switch on the hardware board.
[0096] The calculations carried out by the microcontroller 70 while the limit signal is active are basically the same as those done in analog form in the embodiment of Figure 4. However in this alternate embodiment there are two current sensors 52 (one per phase) so that the equivalent single reading used for calculations here is the voltage delivered by the higher of the two. In this way, the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserv e of the distributor 26 includes means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 as the maximum rated current of the distributor 22 less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor 22 in the phase corresponding to the phase of the variable load circuit 24a. Similarly, where the distributor 22 is configured for at least one of split-phase and multi-phase supply and the variable load circuit 24a is configured as a multi-phase load, the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 could include means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor 26 as the maximum rated current of the distributor 22 less the largest of the instantaneous currents flowing from the distributor 22 in each of the multiple phases supplying the variable load 24a.
[0097] In detail, call the maximal phase current flowing in the distributor 22 " I " and let its capacity rating be " R ". Calculate " R— I " and add that value to the current " ib " flowing in the variable load circuit 24a, which has a capacity rating of " r ". If " (r— ib) " is negative, then that value is added to " ib " and the limited current is set to the new value of " ib ".
[0098] Safety standards for such EV charger circuits call for dedicated wiring. In situations where special measures are desired to override these standards with non- dedicated circuits, an additional current sensor 52 (not shown) could be added to the charger circuit itself. Its reading when converted to current units would then be an accurate measure of the actual current flowing in that circuit and it is this value that would be used in processor 71 calculations. Specifically, at each iteration the allowed charger current as calculated above is adjusted by the difference between its prior value and the actual current flow "ib ", since "ib " now ma}' include extraneous current flows.
Second Embodiment
[0099] Figure 6 shows a second embodiment of the apparatus 20, which ma ' be viewed as an extension of the implementation of the first embodiment implementation shown in Figure 5. In general, the second embodiment of the apparatus 20 introduces certain cost saving measures when multiple variable loads 24a are connected to the same distributor 22, in this case a distribution panel 22a.
[00100] The apparatus 20 includes both a master microcontroller module
70« and a slave microcontroller module 70p. The slave module 70p is similar to the basic elements of the first embodiment, but without user interface components. There is one such slave module 70p for each variable load circuit 24a such that there exists means for limiting 28 the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits 24a.
[00101] Since the most expensive components of the first embodiment are the current sensors 52, in order to reduce their aggregate cost, only the master microcontroller module 70a is configured with them in the second embodiment and the slave microcontroller modules 70p have none. The second most expensive component in the first embodiment is the page server 84, which in the second embodiment is again only required by the master microcontroller 70a. The page server 84 is modified to allow user settings of capacity rating for each of the variable load circuits 24a individually, as well as for the distributor 22 as a whole.
[00102] The master module 70a and each of the slave modules 70p each include a communications unit 93 for communicating among themselves and which in aggregate form a multiplexor 94, in this embodiment a wireless one, so as to provide means for sharing the instantaneous current reserve ~ in other words an instantaneous reserve current from the distributor 22 ~ in this case by multiplexing the instantaneous reserve current.
[00103] Some of the functions of the master module 70a are to read current levels from the sensors 52, to ensure that all user capacity settings are accounted for and are valid, to receive data from the microcontroller modules 70 and to monitor active slave modules 70p. The master module 70« informs each slave module 70p about the value " r " of its capacity rating and calculates the applicable current values for each slave module 70p and informs the respective slave module 70p. In detail for " N " active variable load circuits 24a, call the current flowing in the distributor 22 " I " and let its capacity rating be " R ". Instruct each respective
(R - I)
active slave module 70B that " F = ".
N
[00104] The slave modules 70p do not process user settings, as was the case in the first embodiment, but instead use the current readings supplied by the master module 70a. In detail, each respective slave module 70p receives the above calculated value " (R - I)
F = " and add it to the respective current "lb " flowing in its respective variable load circuit 24a that has a rating " r ". If the value " (r— ib) " is negative, then it is added to "ib " and the limited current is set to this new value of "ib ".
[00105] This second embodiment also takes care of the unlikely situation that chargers are connected to variable load circuits 24a of different ratings. The wireless multiplexer can be replaced with a hard-wired multiplexer chip that uses the SPI port-select capabilities of the microcontroller 70, where wiring distances and topologies allow.
Third Embodiment
[00106] Figure 7 shows a third embodiment of the apparatus 20, which ma ' be seen as extending concepts of the second embodiment to include current sensing using a sensor 52 applied to a distributor 22 in the form of a distribution transformer 22p servicing a distribution panel 22a which supplies load circuits 24, including at least one variable load circuit 24a. Although these transformers 22p already include fault protection, the reason for this sensor 52 is improved safety and allocation: distribution transformers 22p typically have a rating which is less than the aggregate rating of the distribution panels 22a that the}' supply.
[00107] The third embodiment of the apparatus 20 again comprises a master microcontroller module 70a and one or more slave microcontroller modules 70p. The function of the master module 70a is to cam' out all the current sensing and to inform the slave modules 70p of its calculations. The programming of this unit is therefore almost identical to that described in the second embodiment, except that it on ' differs in the calculations it performs. In detail, for " N " active variable load circuits 24a, call the current flowing in the transformer 22p " IX " and let its capacity rating be " RX ". Call the current flowing in the distribution panel 22a " I " and let its capacity rating be " R ". Then, add " (RX— IX) " to the distribution panel 22a
(R-I)
flow " I " and instruct the slave modules 70B that " F = ". The slave modules 70B then
N
operate substantial!}' as in the second embodiment.
Fourth Embodiment
[00108] Figure 8 shows a fourth embodiment of the apparatus 20, which ma}- be seen as leveraging common aspects of prior embodiments while extending concepts to include configurations with multiple distributors 22, for example multiple distribution panels 22a, and multiple variable load circuits 24a serviced by a common distribution transformer 22p.
[00109] The apparatus 20 comprises a master microcontroller module 70a, at least one intermediate microcontroller module 70γ, and at least one slave microcontroller module 70p. Each intermediate module 70γ is associated with a respective distribution panel 22a while each slave module 70p is associated with a respective variable load circuit 24a. A slave module 70p ma ' be substantially similar to the slave modules 70p of the third embodiment. Each of the respective modules 70 has a communication unit 93 through which it ma}' communicate with other modules 70.
[00110] The master module 70a is in communication with a transformer 22p current sensor 52. The function of the master module 70a is to cam' out the current sensing on the distribution transformer 22p using a dual sensor 52 and to inform the intermediate modules 70γ of the instantaneous current readings. It also requires a page server 84 accessible through browser 86 to cam' out user settings of circuit parameters for the transformer 22p, the distribution panels 22a, and the variable load circuits 24a. The user settings in this embodiment also include a map of communications addresses that reflect the links in the hierarchy. This ensures that communications are maintained only between appropriate pairs of nodes in the network. A portion of this communications map is sent to each intermediate module 70y.
[00111] The intermediate modules 70γ cam' out distribution panel 22a current sensing via sensors 52. The}' use that data together with the instantaneous transformer 22p current communicated to them to calculate the available current for the respective slave modules 70p the}' are responsible for. Each distribution panel 22a supplies one or more variable load circuits 24a and thus each intermediate module 70γ is associated with one or more respective slave modules 70p.
[00112] It is the responsibility of each respective slave module 70p to notify its respective intermediate module 70γ that it is active so that the intermediate module 70γ can determine of the number of active variable load circuits 24«. Similarly, it is the responsibility of each intermediate module 70γ to pass back its calculated values to the master module 70a. These are bottom-up messages that are serviced periodically. All other messages are top-down. All messages use a header to indicate the message type and a value corresponding to that type in the message bod}-; the messages use a termination character to allow processing variable length messages.
[00113] The master module 70a current computations are as follows. For a total of
" N " active variable load circuits 24«, call the transformer 22p current " IX" and let its capacity
(RX-IX)
rating be " RX ". Calculate " ^ " as the transformer 22p current reserv e per active variable load circuit 24a. The master module 70a can therefore instruct each intermediate module 70γ having "n " respective active variable load circuits 24a that its allocation of the transformer 22p current reserv e is
(RX-IX)
"FX = ^ ixn ".
N
[00114] In receipt of its respective allocation " FX " from the transformer 22p, each respective intermediate module 70γ calculates its allocation per variable load circuit 24a "F " in terms of the instantaneous current " I " measured passing through the distribution panel 22a, the rating capacity "R " of the distribution panel 22a and the number "n " of active variable load circuits 24a being supplied by the distribution panel 22a. The intermediate module 70γ adds "
R— I
FX " to " I " and calculates " " as a value of "F ", which is communicated to each slave n
module 70p.
[00115] Each slave module 70p operates substantially similarly to the slave modules 70p of the third embodiment. Virtual Capacity Ratings
[00116] In the analog implementation of the first embodiment, remote
modification of the circuit capacity ratings is absolutely precluded by the design. Mentioned in the digital implementation of the first embodiment and implicit in the second through fourth embodiments, it is precluded as a safety measure, since it would generalh' be undesirable to have just anybody with access to a browser 86 modify these values incorrectly.
[00117] However, a case based on additional safer}' reasons can be made that user equipment enrolled in utility -driven demand response programs be able to support remote variable capacity- rating. This safer}' feature is not just local, but could protect the distributed electrical grid when under heavy charger loads 30, 24a.
[00118] To this end, the preceding digital implementations and embodiments could be modified with the concept of virtual capacity ratings - for the transformer 22p, the distribution panel 22a, and the variable load circuits 24a.
[00119] A virtual capacity rating is a concept that allows the remote control of the capacity rating values stored in the registers 48, 54 of a microcontroller 70, as long as the remotely controlled values don't violate the settings introduced using the safety measures mentioned previously. It is another method of modulating the charger load, combining demand control and supply control simultaneously.
[00120] This feature depends on each microcontroller 70 having a unique hardware address. A guaranteed method to implement this relies on the use of the page server 84 MAC address. The MAC address can be used directly, or it can be an index into a database that points to the real address, whatever that ma}- be. In the absence of access to the MAC address, a unique address would have to be assigned to each page server 84 and/or microcontroller 70.
[00121] Under this arrangement, a responsible authority such as the electric utility can be given access to each unique address to set the virtual capacity rating(s) depending on resource availability or based on policy. [00122] In the unlikely case that the granularity of the unique address does not match the desired granularity of control, the control software and the microcontroller 70 can be modified to provide the desired match. As an example, a remote supervisor}' virtual capacity rating control command to a particular variable load circuit 24a can be translated by the microcontrollers 70 in a hierarchy and routed within the local network composed of nodes as described in the previous embodiments. Such a demand response message would incorporate not just the MAC address, but also a node identifier.
[00123] The handling of virtual capacity ratings is accomplished once again with the use of EPROM 74 memory registers 48. Each microcontroller 70 directly or indirectly addressed with remote commands would be responsible for verifying that virtual capacity ratings do not violate EPROM-recorded real rating values. In addition, the messaging software in prior embodiments would have to support additional messages; some of them would be designed to accumulate the actual current consumption of all chargers in the network at a node that could transmit that value to the utility.
[00124] Finally, the page server 84 must also be modified to be receptive to input at all times, particularly during the active pulse-width modulator 34 phase. When activated, virtual capacity ratings w ould override real capacity ratings in all calculations presented in previous embodiments through.
[00125] Obviously, man}' modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings and ma}' be practiced otherwise than as specifically described while within the scope of the appended claims. In addition, the reference numerals in the claims are merely for convenience and are not to be read in an}' way as limiting.
[00126] There are man}' possible embodiments for this invention. The operation of these embodiments has been discussed on the basis that standard distribution panels 22« using thermally protected circuits have a slower response time to over-current conditions than the sensors 52 employed in this invention to measure current. Further, over-current protection margins in circuit breakers are very generous and can range to 10-times normal current levels. The first described preferred embodiment senses and responds to over-current steps that are estimated to be at most 40% of the main breaker current rating in a single-phase environment.
[00127] Electrical current sensors 52 might be magnetically coupled to the wires feeding circuit breakers, but the}' could also be electrically connected, or the signal could be derived from a power sensor 52 that provides (directh' or indirecth ) current flow values, or from an}' part of the breaker or distribution panel 22a or more generalh' distributor 22 that provides this data.
[00128] Finally, although a number of alternatives have been presented for allocating the taught functionality between hardware and software and between various modules, those skilled in the art will recognize that man}- other alternative allocations exist and that there is broad latitude for making such allocations, and as such, allocations other than those expressly described will still fall within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:
1. A method of allocating current from a distributor having a maximum rated current among a plurality of load circuits including a variable load circuit that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation, comprising:
(a) measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits;
(b) limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to:
(i) the full load current of the variable load circuit, if the instantaneous current reserv e is greater than zero; and
(ii) the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve, if the instantaneous current reserv e is less than or equal to zero.
2. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least one aspect of measuring and limiting is performed in an analog manner.
3. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least one of measuring and limiting includes:
(a) representing the respective currents as respective voltages; and
(b) at least one of
(i) comparing; and
(ii) summing
the respective voltages.
4. A method as set forth in claim 3, wherein:
(a) representing the maximum rated current of the distributor includes setting a reference voltage;
(b) representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits includes generating an instantaneous voltage signal in response to the instantaneous current; and
(c) measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor includes summing the reference voltage and the instantaneous voltage signal.
5. A method as set forth in claim 4, wherein
(a) representing the full load current of the variable load circuit includes setting a second reference voltage; and
(b) limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit includes comparing the instantaneous current reserv e to ground, and
(i) if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than ground, limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit, and
(ii) if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to ground, limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve.
6. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least one aspect of measuring and limiting is performed in a digital manner.
7. A method as set forth in claim 6, wherein at least one of measuring and limiting includes:
(a) representing the respective currents as binary values; and
(b) operating upon the binary values.
8. A method as set forth in claim 7, wherein:
(a) representing the maximum rated current of the distributor includes setting a memory register;
(b) representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits includes reading the output of an analog to digital converter coupled to a current sensor; and
(c) measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor includes subtracting the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor from the maximum rated current of the distributor.
9. A method as set forth in claim 8, wherein
(a) representing the full load current of the variable load circuit includes setting a memory register; and
(b) limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit includes comparing the instantaneous current reserv e to zero, and
(i) if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than zero, limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit, and
(ii) if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero, limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve.
10. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein limiting includes issuing a limit signal in response to the measured instantaneous current reserv e circuit.
1 1. A method as set forth in claim 10, wherein limiting includes issuing the limit signal to a current limiter coupled to the variable load.
12. A method as set forth in claim 1 1, wherein limiting includes issuing the limit signal to a current limiter integrated with the variable load.
13. A method as set forth in claim 11, wherein issuing includes issuing wirelessly.
14. A method as set forth in claim 10, wherein limiting includes issuing the limit signal to a current limiter at the head of the variable load circuit.
15. A method as set forth in claim 10, wherein limiting includes issuing the limit signal to a current limiter integrated with the distributor at the head of the variable load circuit.
16. A method as set forth in claim 10, wherein the limit signal is pulse-width variable.
17. A method as set forth in claim 16, wherein the limit signal is pulse-width variable in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard.
18. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least one of measuring and limiting is responsive to a user-input signal.
19. A method as set forth in claim 18, wherein the user-input signal is generated remote from the distributor.
20. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least one of measuring and limiting is responsive to a safer}' signal.
21. A method as set forth in claim 10, wherein at least one of measuring and limiting is responsive to a safety signal that is fedback from the limit signal.
22. A method as set forth in claim 21, wherein the safety signal is a safety signal in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard.
23. A method as set forth in claim 10, wherein limiting the current of the variable load circuit includes limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits.
24. A method as set forth in claim 23, wherein limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits includes sharing the instantaneous current reserve.
25. A method as set forth in claim 24, wherein sharing the instantaneous current reserve includes sharing an instantaneous reserv e current from the distributor.
26. A method as set forth in claim 25, wherein sharing an instantaneous reserve current includes multiplexing the instantaneous reserv e current.
27. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the method of allocating current from a distributor is a method of allocating current from a distribution panel.
28. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein the method of allocating current from a distributor is a method of allocating current from a distribution transformer.
29. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor includes measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor in the phase corresponding to the phase of the variable load circuit.
30. A method as set forth in claim 1, wherein:
(a) the distributor is configured for at least one of split-phase and multi-phase supply;
(b) the variable load circuit is configured as a multi-phase load; and
(c) measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor includes measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the largest of the instantaneous currents flowing from the distributor in each of the multiple phases supplying the variable load.
31. An apparatus for allocating current from a distributor having a maximum rated current among a plurality of load circuits including a variable load circuit that benefits from a full load current allocation but is operable at a lower current allocation, comprising:
(a) means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits;
(b) means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to:
(i) the full load current of the variable load circuit, if the instantaneous current reserv e is greater than zero; and
(ii) the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve, if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero.
32. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein at least one of the means measuring and the means for limiting functions in an analog manner.
33. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein at least one of the means measuring and the means for limiting includes:
(a) respective means for representing the respective currents as respective voltages; and
(b) at least one of
means for comparing; and
(ii) means for summing
the respective voltages.
34. An apparatus as set forth in claim 33, wherein:
(a) the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor includes means for generating a reference voltage;
(b) the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits includes means for generating an instantaneous voltage signal in response to the instantaneous current; and
(c) the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor includes means for summing the reference voltage and the instantaneous voltage signal.
35. An apparatus as set forth in claim 34, wherein
(a) the means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit includes means for generating a second reference voltage; and
(b) the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit includes means for comparing the instantaneous current reserve to ground, and wherein in response,
(i) if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than ground, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit, and
(ii) if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to ground, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve.
36. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein at least one of the means measuring and the means for limiting functions in a digital manner.
37. An apparatus as set forth in claim 36, wherein at least one of the means for measuring and the means for limiting includes:
(a) means for representing the respective currents as binary values; and
(b) means for operating upon the binary values.
38. An apparatus as set forth in claim 37, wherein:
(a) the means for representing the maximum rated current of the distributor includes a memory register;
(b) the means for representing the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor to the plurality of load circuits includes an analog to digital converter coupled to a current sensor; and
(c) the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor includes means for subtracting the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor from the maximum rated current of the distributor.
39. An apparatus as set forth in claim 38, wherein
(a) the means for representing the full load current of the variable load circuit includes a second memory register; and
(b) the means for limiting the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit includes means for comparing the instantaneous current reserve to zero, and wherein
(i) if the instantaneous current reserve is greater than zero, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the full load current of the variable load circuit, and
(ii) if the instantaneous current reserve is less than or equal to zero, the means for limiting is operable to limit the instantaneous current of the variable load circuit to the sum of the full load current of the variable load circuit plus the instantaneous current reserve.
40. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein the means for limiting includes means for issuing a limit signal in response to the measured instantaneous current reserve circuit.
41. An apparatus as set forth in claim 40, wherein the means for limiting includes means for issuing the limit signal to a current liniiter coupled to the variable load.
42. An apparatus as set forth in claim 41, wherein the means for limiting includes means for issuing the limit signal to a current liniiter integrated with the variable load.
43. An apparatus as set forth in claim 41, wherein the means for issuing includes means for issuing the limit signal wirelessly.
44. An apparatus as set forth in claim 40, wherein the means for limiting includes means for issuing the limit signal to a current liniiter at the head of the variable load circuit.
45. An apparatus as set forth in claim 40, wherein the means for limiting includes means for issuing the limit signal to a current liniiter integrated with the distributor at the head of the variable load circuit.
46. An apparatus as set forth in claim 40, wherein the means for issuing the limit signal includes a pulse-width modulator.
47. An apparatus as set forth in claim 46, wherein the pulse-width modulator operates in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard.
48. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein at least one of the means for measuring and the means for limiting is responsive to a user-input signal.
49. An apparatus as set forth in claim 48, wherein the user-input signal is generated remote from the distributor.
50. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein at least one of the means for measuring and the means for limiting is responsive to a safety signal.
51. An apparatus as set forth in claim 40, wherein at least one of the means for measuring and the means for limiting is responsive to a safety signal that is fedback from the means for issuing.
52. An apparatus as set forth in claim 51, wherein the safety signal is a safety signal in accordance with the SAE J1772 standard.
53. An apparatus as set forth in claim 40, wherein the means for limiting the current of the variable load circuit includes means for limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits.
54. An apparatus as set forth in claim 53, wherein the means for limiting the respective currents of a plurality of variable load circuits includes means for sharing the instantaneous current reserv e.
55. An apparatus as set forth in claim 54, wherein the means for sharing the instantaneous current reserve includes means for sharing an instantaneous reserve current from the distributor.
56. An apparatus as set forth in claim 55, wherein the means for sharing an instantaneous reserve current includes means for multiplexing the instantaneous reserve current.
57. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein the distributor is a distribution panel.
58. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein the distributor is a distribution transformer.
59. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor includes means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the instantaneous current flowing from the distributor in the phase corresponding to the phase of the variable load circuit.
60. An apparatus as set forth in claim 31, wherein:
(a) the distributor is configured for at least one of split-phase and multi-phase supply;
(b) the variable load circuit is configured as a multi-phase load; and
(c) the means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor includes means for measuring the instantaneous current reserve of the distributor as the maximum rated current of the distributor less the largest of the instantaneous currents flowing from the distributor in each of the multiple phases supphing the variable load.
PCT/CA2010/000147 2010-02-11 2010-02-11 Method and apparatus for allocating electricity from a distributor WO2011097693A1 (en)

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7274975B2 (en) * 2005-06-06 2007-09-25 Gridpoint, Inc. Optimized energy management system
US7514815B2 (en) * 2004-09-28 2009-04-07 American Power Conversion Corporation System and method for allocating power to loads

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7514815B2 (en) * 2004-09-28 2009-04-07 American Power Conversion Corporation System and method for allocating power to loads
US7274975B2 (en) * 2005-06-06 2007-09-25 Gridpoint, Inc. Optimized energy management system

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